IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


■-  IIIII2-^ 

li2      

IIIIIM 

'    IIIII3-2 

2.2 

iU    1^ 

^ 

S  m 

112.0 

11 — — 

1.8 


1.25      1.4 

1.6 

^ 6"   - 

► 

V] 


M. 


'e2 


e": 


C)a 


c'l 


<$> 


^> 


Si.. 


■/^ 


/A 


Photographic 

Sdences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER, NY.  I4SB0 

(716)  872-4503 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions 


Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


1980 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


D 
D 


D 
D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pellicul6e 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (I.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr6e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  iti  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mithode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquto  ci-dessous. 


D 
D 
D 
Q 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag^es 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pelliculdes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachet6es  ou  piqu6es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 

Showthrough/ 
Tr.?nsparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualiti  indgale  de  I'impression 

includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppldmentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partieliement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6X6  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


T 
s 
7 

V 

^ 

d 

e 
b 
ri 
re 
nr 


n 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires; 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

y 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  filmd  fut  reproduit  grdce  A  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

Bibliothdque  nationale  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim6e  sont  filmds  en  commengant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commengant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmds  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd,  il  est  filmd  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n6cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

Cornell  Xttnfversrt? 

Ithaca,  flew  l!?orft 


CORNELL  STUDIES 


w 


CLASSICAL  PHILOLOGY 


EDITKD  BY 

BENJAMIN  IDE  VVHEEI.ER,  CHARLES  EDWIN  BENNETT 
AND  GEORGE  PRENTICE  BRISTOL  ^^• 


No.  VII 
THE  ATHENIAN  SECRETARIES 


BY 


WILLIAM  SCOTT  FERGUSON,  A. 


M. 


PUBLISHED  FOR  THE  UNIVERSITY 


BY 


THE  MACMILLAN  COMPANY 

1898 


c^^ 


^  // 


lY 


T, 


THE 


ATHENIAN    SECRETARIES 


BY 


WILUAM  SCOTT  FERGUSON,  A.M. 


FKLLOW   OK  CORNELL   UNIVERSITY 


CoRNEtL  Studies  in  Classical  Philology,  No.  VII 


Copyright,  1898, 
BV  CORNei.1.  L-mVKRSITY 

ALL   RIGHTS   RESERVED 


»THACA,  N.  Y 
PRESS  OF  ANDR,;s  *,  CHQRCH 

i«98. 


PREFACE. 


Between  1878  atul  the  present  time  at  least  eight  treatises  de- 
voted entirely  to  the  Athenian  »Secretaries  have  been  published. 
If  we  add  articles  in  handbooks  and  dictionaries  of  classical  an- 
tiquities in  which  stateni'-Mits  of  facts  rather  tlian  proofs  are  fur- 
nished, the  mnnl)er  must  be  doubled.  The  subject  of  this  study 
is  therefore  an  old,  much-investigated  one  ;  its  point  of  view  alone 
is  new. 

There  were  few  annual  offices  at  Athens  not  filled  by  boards  of 
ten.  There  were  fewer  still  filled  by  individuals.  The  secretary- 
ships were  such.  Of  the  other  single  annual  offices  the  names  of 
the  holders  have  with  a  few  distinguished  exceptions  all  been  lost. 
It  is,  indeed,  altogether  owing  to  the  fact  that,  in  the  case  of  the 
Secretaryshipsaloneof  their  class,  we  know  in  large  part  the  names 
and  demes  of  their  holders,  that  their  study  is  of  more  than  third- 
rate  importance  in  Athenian  ('onstitutional  History.  Kiiowing 
their  demes  we  know  their  tribes,  and  as  a  result  of  the  observa- 
tion that  the  tril)e  of  the  psephismata  secretary  for  any  given  year 
was  determined  by  its  position  in  the  official  order,  something  of 
value  may  have  been  derived  from  this  study.  Of  this  let  the 
reader  judge  for  himself. 

During  the  fifth  and  fourth  centuries  B.  C  tlie  archons  establish 
the  years  of  the  secretaries  :  during  the  third  and  .second  the  pse- 
phismata secretaries  will,  hereafter,  be  our  guides  in  fixing  the 
years  of  the  archons.  To  the  list  offered  by  me  the  names  only 
of  those  archons  have  been  admitted  wliose  positions  have  been 
located  or  affected  by  the  secretaries,  and  of  these  I  am  conscious 
that  many  will  later  have  to  be  changed. 

To  Professor  B.  I.  Wheeler  of  Cornell  University  for  the  sug- 
gestion on  which  this  investigation  was  begun,  and  for  his  constant 
assistance  and  a<lvice  up  to  and  through  the  reading  and  criticism 
of   the    manuscript    and    proof,   I   here    acknowledge    my    very 


iv 


Preface. 


great  itidehtediiess.  ThrousH  his  kindness  and  that  of  Dr.  A. 
Wilhehn  of  the  Austrian  Institute  at  Athens,  I  have  been  enabled 
to  ol)tain  early  or  more  accurate  readinj^s  of  several  inscriptions. 
I  desire,  too,  to  thank  Professor  G.  P.  Bristol  of  Cornell  Univer- 
sity for  his  services  in  reading  the  proof,  and  also  Mr.  F.  O.  Bates, 
Fellow  of  Cornell  University,  whose  special  knowledge  of  the 
Attic  demes  and  tribes  has  beeti  of  much  value  to  me. 

Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  April  9,  1.S9S. 


^ 


CONTKNTS. 


?     I.     The  Tfii  Tribes  and  thtir  Ofiicial  Order, i 

i<     2.     The  Secretaries  of  the  Senate  and   I*c()])le  as  determined  by 

References  in  the  Literal nre, 6 

'i,     3.      Vpannareiii  TTJ%  fiovXiji, 8 

i,    4.      VpanfiaT({>i  Kara  irpvTai'€lav, 9 

'ti    5.     vSecretaries  mentioned  in  Titles  and  Official  Headinj^s, 12 

g    6.  •  Names  of  Secretaries  in  charj^e  of  the  I'sephismata  prior  to 

363-2  B.C 14 

'i    7.     Relations  between  Tribes  in  the  Secretaryship  and  Tribes  in 

the  Prytany.     Mode  of  I^lectinj;;  Secretary, 19 

?  S.  Chanj^e  from  Xtiporovla  to  KXt^puktis.  The  Sii^nificance  of  the 
Secretar^-'s  Name  in  the  Titles  and  Official  Ileadinj^s  of 
Decrees, 27 

'i    9.     Secretaries  mentioned  in  the  Preambles  of  Decrees  between 

364-3  H.C.  and  322-1  H.C., 32 

'i  ID.     Official  Order  of  the  Tribes  in  the  Secretaryshij)  durinj,'  the 

Fourth  Century  H.C, 34 

'i,  II.     Restorations, 38 

'i  12.     The    Fifteen    Years  of   Confusion   between    322-1    H.C.    and 

307-6  B.C., 40 

'i  13.     The  Official  Order  of  the  Tribes  in  the  Secretaryship  duriiij^ 

the  last  Three  Centuries  B.C.,   44 

'i  14.      rpafj.fJiaT(vs    Kara,    npvravelav.      Vpap.p,aTfvi  tov  Srip.ov.      llepl  rd 

/a^/tio,  63 

{(  15.      Tpannareiii  iirl  roiii  vdfjLovi, 66 

>/,  16.      Ypap-narevs  rrj^  jiovXiji  icai  tou  StJjuou, 66 

i;   17.      VpafJ-iJ-aTti)^  irpvTdvewv.      Vpafxixartds  t^ovXtvrQv, 70 

i;   l.S.      Tpafip-aTtiis   tCiv   raixiCiv   rijs   ffeoO.      Vpa^i^^■aTevi    twv   rafxiuiv   rrjs 

dtov  Kai  tQv  &\\ii)v  OeQv, 70 

Appendix  A— The  Tribes  with  their  Respective  Demes, 75 

Appendix  H — Hiblioj^raphy, 77 


THB  ATHENIAN  SI'CRl-TARIES. 


j^  I.  TiiF,  Ti-:n  Tkiiuvs  and  tiikik  Oifici.m,  Okdkk. 

Prol)al)ly  that  which  inoix-  th:iii  anything;  cIsl'  (k'termiiied  the 
shape  of  the  luechanisni  of  AllKiiiaii  y;()Vt'riiiiKiit  was  the  institu- 
tion of  the  ten  tribes.  Ikfore  Kleisllieiu-s' time  there  had  been  four 
tribes  only,  rtAc'oi'Tts,  "On-Ar/Tts,  'Afiyii^ut  and  Af'yiKo^ei?,  so  called 
from  the  four  sons  of  Ion.  I-'rom  the  little  uc  can  karn  of  thuni, 
they  seem  to  have  been  local  and  social  in  character,  and  there- 
fore different  in  kind  from  those  with  which  we  are  familiar  in 
hiter  times.  Kleisthenes  in  devisinj;  the  ten  tribes  strove  to  make 
them  unlike  their  preflece.s.sois,  and  |)rol)i))lv  succeeded.  The 
Kleisthenean  tribes  were  also  different  in  kind  from  their  sub- 
divisi(jns,  the  trittyes  and  denies.  The  denies  were  new  creations 
of  Kleisthenes  ;  the  trittyes  had  existed  even  before  vSolon's  lime. 
This  difference  consisted  in  the  lact  that  the  ten  tribes  did  not 
have  a  place  on  the  ma]i  of  Attica,  while  the  Ionic  tribes,  the 
trittyes  and  the  denies  did.  The  tribe  had  its  as^ora,  or  meeting- 
place,  but  the  men  who  asseiiil)led  there  might,  and  ordinarily  did, 
come  from  several  different  sections  of  the  country.  A  number  of 
contiguous  denies  made  a  trittys,  and  a  denie  was  a  lot  j)f  land 
with  the  citizens  who  themselves,  or  whose  ancestors,  uoniinally 
or  actually,  dwelt  on  it.  Each  of  the  ten  tribes  had  three 
trittyes,  and  each  trittys  a  munber  of  denies.  Each  tribe,  trittys, 
and  deme  had  its  own  constitution  and  officers.  As  the  trittyes 
were  by  far  the  least  important  of  these  three  divisions  of  the 
citizens  of  Athens,  so  were  the  ten  tribes  the  most  important  ; 
for  we  find  that  with  very  few  exceptions  all  the  state  offices  were 
filled  by  boards  of  ten  or  multiples  of  ten.  The  frequency  of 
S(Ka  and  Kara  <j>v\di  in  Aristotle's  Constitution  of  Athens  is  ex- 
tremely significant.  Tlie  political  institutions  were  certainly 
based  upon  the  decimal  system  ;  the  religious  institutions  are  in- 
separable from  the  political,  and  the  military  have  the  ten 
generals,  the  tea  ta.xiarchs,   the  ten  phylarchs,  the  ten  divisions 


i 


The  Athenian  Secretaries. 


of  the  citizen  nrtny  etc.,  to  show  the  plan  upon  which  they  were 
Itnill. 

(Jntside  Attica  also,  the  inflnence  of  the  ten  tribes  was  (elt. 
If  a  colony  was  planted,  each  tribe  had  its  representative  on  the 
board  iA  land  agents.  If  a  Klernchy  was  sent  ont,  it  preserved  the 
tribal  orj^ani/.ation  of  the  niolherhind  ;  it  was  Athens  in  miniature. 
If  new  territory  was  acqnired,  an  enclosure  was  reserved  for  the 
eponyinoi  of  llu'  lril)es.  If  Athenians  held  oOices  in  dependent 
states,  the  tribe  was  considered  in  their  election  jn-^l  as  in  the 
case  of  offices  at  .Athens.  In  fact,  wherever  Athenian  influence 
prevailed,  the  form  of  <;overnment  there  in  voj^ne  owed  its  ])ro- 
portions  t')  tlie  tribal  institutions  of  Athens. 

\ot  only  were  the  duties  which  the  6»'}/u,os-  could  not  personally 
perform  ordinarily  entrusted  to  boards  ot  ten,  1ml  these  boards  of 
ten  were  made  u])  of  individuals  chosen  by  lot,  one  from  each  of 
the  ten  tribes.  The  tribe  determined  the  .i;ron]i  of  citizens  elii;ible 
tor  a  certain  ofhce  ;  llie  lot  decided  which  i>f  the  t^ronii  should 
hold  it.  Both  served  pnrel}'  and  simply  as  convenient  and 
eciuitable  means  of  (listril)uting  state  honours  and  bmdens. 
Neither  is  essentiidly  democratic  ;  but  ;is  ajiplied  at  Athens  both 
were.  The  tribes  Ijccame  democratic  institutions,  when,  by 
Kleisthenes"  reforms,  approximately  all  citizens  were  admitted 
to  them.  The  lot  became  most  democratic,  when  any  citizen  of 
Athens  mi»;ht  be  .selected  by  it  t(5  hold  any  office. 

It  is  obvious  that  for  the  distribution  of  offices  filled  by  individ- 
uals not  by  boards — .such  as  the  .secretaryships — an  order  of  pre- 
cedence among  the  tribes  was  desirable  ;  for  so  best  was  an  equi- 
table distribution  i^ossible.  If  the  exjilanation,  offered  by  H. 
Sidgwick  (Class.  Rev.  1S94  p,  333  ff . )  for  the  periodic  anarchy 
which  followed  the  let;islatit)n  of  Solon,  be  correct,  and  it  is 
highly  plausible,  it  follows  immediately  that  there  was  such  an 
order  among  the  four  Ionic  trii)es.  What  this  might  have  been 
we  can  only  conjecture.  It  may  be  found  in  the  following 
passage  from  Kur.  Ion,  1579-81. 

r«A£a)r  \ki.v  fcrrai  irpioTO^  '   tlra  BtvTfpo^   .    .    . 
"OttAt/tcs  'ApyaBrjs  t    f'/ii-V'  ''"   """'aiytSos 
'Ev  <fiv\ov  ($ova    AiyiKoprji;, 


'Jlw   Tribal  Systctn  of  Alliens. 


\\  they  were 

L'S  was  (fit. 
alive  oil  llie 
reserved  the 
II  niiiiiatiire. 
ved  for  the 
II  dependent 
\  as  ill  the 
an  iiilhieiice 
ved   its  j)io- 

l  i>crsonally 
■se  hoards  of 
rotn  each  of 
/.ensclit;ible 
roll  J)  should 
i-eiiieiil  and 
id  burdens. 
t\thL-ns  both 
wliLii,  l)y 
re  a(hiiitted 
V  cili/eii  of 

by  iiidivid- 
fder  of  pic- 
as an  ecjiii- 
red  by   H. 
ic  iuiarchy 
and   it   is 
IS  such  ail 
have  been 
following 


Accordinj^ly  the  oflicial  order  of  the  four  Ionic  pliylai  may 
liave  been  (  l)  TtAcoi'Tts,  (  j )  "OttAi/tcs,  (3)  'A/jya8ti?,   '4)  AiytKopeis. 

However  that  may  be,  there  can  l)e  no  (iiK'stion  whatsoever  as  to 
the  existence  of  an  olTicial  order  of  tin.-  li  n  tribes.  As  .i;iveii  in 
many  inscriptional  documents  it  is  as  follows:  (i)  lyechtheis, 
(2)  Aigeis,  (3)  Pandioiiis.  (4)  Leontis,  (5)  Akamantis,  (6)  Oiiieis, 
(7)  Kekro|)is,  (8)  Ilippothontis,  (9)  Aiantis,  (lo)  Antiochis.  .\s 
a  means  of  classifying  the  names  of  the  citizens,  this  ordc-r  was 
the  nearest  approach  the  Athenians  madr  to  our  use  of  the  letters 
of  the  alpliabet  That  il  was  tnore  than  a  mere  coiiveiiieMce  in 
cataloguing  has  \el  tcj  be  shown. 

The  names  of  the  tribes  are  said  1)>-  Ari-.l()tk-  to  havu  buen 
selected  for  them  l)y  the  Pythian  God  from  among  tin.-  one  hun- 
dred Archegetai.  If  it  were  not  true  that  the  ten  tribfs  wi-ru  the 
arbitrary  creations  of  Kleislheiies,  this  iniL;lit  be-  uiuk'rstood  to 
mean  that  the  Athenians  themselvt-s  did  not  know  anything 
about  the  origin  of  the  names.  As  it  i^1,  it  is  probably  the  correct 
explanation.  Who  the  hundred  Arclu-gelai  wi-rc.  and  what  rela- 
tion they  burf,  if  any,  lo  the  hundml  dc-mes  and  the  fortv-two 
irruivvfioi  tCov  riXLKLmi>,  are  (pieslions  still  awaiting  solution. 

The  origin  of  the  oHlciil  order  is  (luile  as  uncertain.  A. 
Mommsen  (Phil.  N.  F.,  iS,s8,  p.  449  IT.)  tries  to  ^liow  that  it 
sprang  from  the  old  Calendar  of  Festivals.  According  to  liis 
view,  each  of  the  ten  eponymoi  was  worshipped  in  a  certain  sea^on 
of  the  year,  and  each  tribe  managed  the  affairs  of  the  state, 
through  its  representatives  in  the  senate,  during  the  period  in 
which  the  festival  of  its  eiionymos  was  held.  The  guarantee  for 
the  observance  of  the  official  order  was  the  sanctity  of  the  Calen- 
dar of  Festivals.  When  peo]de  became  less  observant  of  the  wor- 
ship of  the  heroes,  the  official  order  was  thrust  aside.  The 
strongest  objection  to  this  view  is  that  il  is  contrary  to  i!ie  tend- 
ency observable  in  I'le  historic  j)eriod.  .\ltliougli  it  is  certain  that 
the  official  order  was  never  in  any  known  peri<j(l  followed  bj-  the 
tribes  in  the  prytany.  yet,  in  other  matters  of  a  civil  nature,  the 
tendenc}'  is  altogether  in  the  direction  of  its  broader  use.  Momiii- 
sen's  view  is  based  upon  the  assumption  that  the  official  order 
was  followed  in  disposing  the  tribes  in  the  prytany  in  the  earliest 


The  Athenian  Secretaries. 


times.  This  is  verj'  unlikely.  It  must  l)e  admitted,  however, 
that  the  employment  of  the  lot  in  the  election  of  civil  officials  is 
doubtful  between  510  B.C.  and  4CS7  B.C.  Aristotle  tells  us  that 
in  the  latter  year  it  was  first  used  for  the  election  of  the  arclions. 
Previously,  he  says,  they  were  elected  by  the  people.  Even  if 
the  official  order  did  originate  in  the  waj-  conceived  b}'  Mommsen, 
it  was  not  for  long,  if  at  all,  jierpetuated  in  that  way.  To  me  the 
origin  of  the  official  order  seems  incapable  of  settlement  ;  l)ut  the 
institutions  which  demanded  it,  and  preserved  it,  after  it  was  once 
fixed,  may,  I  think,  be  legitimately  made  a  subject  of  enquiry. 

The  earliest  reference  to  a  fixed  order  of  the  tribes  is  found  in 
connection  with  the  military  organization  of  the  state.  In  the 
account  given  by  Hrrodotus  of  the  deliberations  that  took  place 
immediately  before  the  battle  of  Marathon,  we  are  told  that  the 
ten  generals — one  from  each  tribe  at  that  time — held  office  bj' 
turns,  each  for  one  day  only,  and  that  Miltiades  waited  till  his 
lawful  da\'  came  round  before  putting  the  troojis  in  motion.  It  is 
not  reasonable  to  suppose  that  an  order  of  [)recedence  was  fixed 
by  lot  for  each  period  of  ten  days  throughout  the  year.  In  the 
arrangement  of  the  j^rytanies  in  after  times,  to  which  the  rotation 
of  the  generalship  would  present  the  closest  analogy,  we  have 
reasons  for  believing  that  at  least  up  to  the  thirtieth  day  of  the 
prytany,  the  lot  had  not  yet  been  cast  to  decide  upon  the  next 
tribe  to  prytanize  ;  so  that  we  have  herein  no  j^recedent  on 
which  to  base  the  assumption  that  tlie}'  fixed  b}'  lot,  at  the  be- 
ginning of  each  year,  the  order  in  which  the  tribes  were  to  hold 
the  generalship,  in  each  ten-day  jreriod  throughout  the  year. 
Further,  it  being  clear  from  Herodotus  that  there  was  a  fixed 
order  of  succession  in  the  generalship,  we  should  naturall}'  expect 
it  to  be  the  official  order. 

It  also  appears  to  me  entirely  likely  that  the  <^u\at  or  ra^eis  were 
arranged  in  battle  according  to  the  official  ortler.  At  Marathon, 
Herodotus  tells  us,  such  was  the  case  :  ijyeo/xeVov  Se  rouVou  e^eSeKoi/ro 
(OS  apiOixtovTo  at  <fiv\at,  i)^6fji.€vai  aWrjXwv.  The  imperfect  seems 
to  show  that  they  were  arranged  in  a  customary  order,  i.  e., 
the  official  order.  If  the  polemarch  Kallimachos  of  Aphidna, 
who,   Herodotus  says,  was  in  command  of  the  whole  army    in 


The   Tribal  System  of  Athens. 


1,  liowever, 

officials  is 

ells  us  that 

lie  arclioiis. 

I.     Even  if 

Moinnisen, 

To  me  the 

it  ;  but  the 

it  was  once 

enquiry. 

is  found  in 

.te.     In  the 

took  place 

Id   that  the 

d   office  by 

lited  till  his 

)tion.     It  is 

:e  was  fixed 

ar.     In  the 

he  rotation 

,  we  have 

day  of  the 

n  the  next 

cedent    on 

at  the  l)e- 

ere  to  hold 

the  year. 

as  a  fixed 

illy  expect 

Ta^cts  were 
Marathon, 

V  i${8eK0VTO 
ect  seems 
rder,  i.  e., 
Ajjliidna, 
army    in 


i 


virtue  of  his  office,  took  his  position  with  his  own  tribe 
Aiantis,  /.  <?. ,  had  his  tribe  with  him  in  the  right  wing,  then 
Erechtheis,  the  first  tribe,  v/as  placed  on  the  left.  In  Plutarch, 
Aristid.  V,  we  are  told  that  Leontis  and  Antiochis,  commanded 
respectively  by  Themistokles  and  Aristides,  fought  side  by  side 
in  the  centre.  This  clashes  with  the  account  given  by  Herodotus, 
and  does  not  seem  to  me  to  deserve  credence  ;  for  Plutarch,  who 
lived  in  the  first  century  after  Christ  and  was  a  native  of  Boeotia, 
was  accpiainted  onlj-  with  the  organization  of  mercenarj'  troops, 
and  could  have  had  little  knowledge  of  the  citizen  militia  of 
Athens  in  the  fifth  century  befon?  Christ.  The  ])lacingof  Leontis 
and  Antiochis  side  b}'  side,  would  not  jar  with  the  order  of  things 
with  which  he  was  acquainted,  and  would  add  greatly  to  the 
dramatic  eifect  of  his  narration. 

An  Athenian  army  was  but  an  aggregate  of  ten  tribes  of  citizen 
soldiers.  The  ephebes  were  divided  for  mess  into  ten  divisions 
according  to  their  tribes.  The  ten  divisions  of  the  cavalry  were 
called  (f>v\ai.  When  an  army  was  put  in  the  field,  men  of  a  certain 
age,  drafted  from  each  of  the  ten  tribes,  made  up  the  ten  regi- 
ments of  which  it  was  composed.  To  determine  what  individuals 
were  included  within  the  age  limits  .set,  the  forty  two  iT-ww/xoi  tiov 
■^Klkiwv  were  used.  The  eVajw/Ltoi  tojv  <^i,'Aa>j/ were  used  to  determine 
the  regiments  to  which  these  individuals  belonged.  We  know, 
then,  that  in  drafting  troops  for  service,  in  assigning  their  places 
to  each  soldier,  in  distributing  the  ephebes  at  mess,  tlie  tribe  was 
primarily  considered.  The  ten  regiments  were  the  ten  tribes. 
The  ten  commanders  were  the  ten  trii)al  officers,  and  held  supreme 
command  by  turns  in  a  well  known  order  of  succession.  On  one 
occasion  there  is  at  least  some  evidence  that  the  regiments  stood 
side  by  side  in  the  official  order  of  the  tribes.  This  estalilishes  a 
probability  in  favor  of  the  view  that  tlie  order  of  the  tribes  was 
the  order  of  the  regiments,  and,  as  far  as  I  am  aware,  there  is 
nothing  that  militates  against  it. 

From  time  immemorial,  we  are  told  by  Tiiucydides  and  Pausa- 
iiias,  there  existed  at  Athens  the  custom  of  burying  the  citizens, 
who  fell  in  battle,  in  the  public  burying  ground  of  the  Kerameikos. 
The  dead  of  each  tribe  were  buried  separately,  and  over  the  graves 


The  Athenian  Secretaries. 


stelai  were  erected  ])earing  the  name  and  denie  of  each  (o-r^Xai 

TO.  (Ji/o/xara  Kai  rov  Srj/Jiov  e/cacrTov  Aeyouo-ai).  Several  of  these  Stelai 
have  come  down  to  us,  and  on  tliem  the  names  are  disposed 
accordinjj^  to  the  ofBcial  order  of  the  tribes.  It  is,  indeed,  in  these 
lists  that  we  first  meet  with  the  official  order  in  the  inscriptions. 
Those  who  fell  at  Marathon  were  buried  according  to  their  tribes 
(kuto.  <^vA.as),  and  stelai  erected  bearing  their  names  ;  while,  even 
before  that  event,  l)urial  in  the  public  burial  ground  existed.  The 
important  point  U>  bt  noticed  is,  that  it  was  onlj-  in  the  cast  of  the 
warriors  who  died  in  ))attle  that  the  names  were  inscribed  in  the 
official  order  of  the  tri))es.  This  strengthens  the  view  as  to  the 
use  of  the  official  order  to  aid  in  marshalling  the  citizen  army. 

The  military  necessities  would  thus  demand  a  fixed  arrangement 
of  tlie  tribes,  and  the  constant  usage  of  the  order,  when  fixed, 
would  insure  permanency  to  the  organization  :  but  why  was  the 
order  such  as  it  is?  Pt-rhaps  Kleislhenes  had  the  Pythian  God 
arrange  the  tribes,  as  he  liad  him  name  them.  Perhaps  the  acci- 
dental arrangement  of  the  statues  of  the  eponymoi  in  the  market- 
place was  adopted  and  so  became  fixed.  The  order  was  c^.-rlainly 
so  fixed  for  the  burial  lists  of  those  who  fell  in  l)attle,  as  eiu'ly  as 
460  B.  C,  and  seems  to  have  been  spasmodically  adopted  in  later 
periods  as  the  order  of  succession  or  rotation  in  the  holding  of 
civil  offices. 


S  2.  The  Secretariks  of  the  Senate  and  People  as 

DETERMINED   BY    REFERENCES    IN  THE    LITERATURE. 

The  relation  of  the  secretaries  at  Athens  to  the  tribes,  the  nMe 
played  by  the  official  order  in  determining  their  distribution  over 
the  tribes,  and  the  l)earing  of  these  considerations  on  the  number, 
names,  and  duties  of  the  secretaries,  are  the  problems  undertaK^u 
for  solution  in  this  stud}'. 

First  in  importance  among  the  secretaries  will  come  those  of 
the  .seimte  and  people.  Literary  references  determine  their  num- 
ber and  functions,  and  guide  us  in  our  epigraphical  investiga- 
tions Aristotle  is  the  chief  source  of  information  outside  the  in- 
scriptions, and  he.  in  Ath.  Pol.  54,  3-5,  says  ; 


i 


The  Secretaries  in  the  Literature. 


ach  (o-T^\ai 
these  steliii 
re  disposed 
■ed,  in  these 
nscriplioiis. 
their  tribes 
while,  even 
listed.  The 
-I  case  of  the 
ribed  in  tlie 
IV  as  to  the 
Ml  army, 
irrangement 
ivlien  fixed, 
diy  was  the 
ythian  God 
ps  the  acci- 
the  naarket- 
as  ct-rtainly 

as  early  a.s 
>ted  in  later 

holding  of 


People  as 


les,  the  rnle 
bnlion  over 
he  number, 
Lindertui.vii 

le  those  of 

(their  num- 

investiga- 

tide  the  in- 


KAr^poi'cri  Se  KtCi  ypnfjifxaTea  rov  Kara  Trpvraveiuv  KdXovfitvov,  o?  Twv 
ypufjifidTfDV  T  ia-TL  Kv/aios,  kiu  to.  i/'i/c^tV/xara  to.  yiy^o/xcj/a  (ftrXdrTfi, 
KILL   rdWa  TTcivTa   avTLypdffitTai,    kiu    irapaKaO-qTaL  ryj   (SovXfj.    TrpuTtpov  fxkv 

OVV  OVTO<i  TjV  ^^UpOTOVqT (')<;,    KILL  TOIIS    tl'SotOTUTOVS    Kill    TTltrTOTarOl'S    €;^£tpord- 

vovv  '  KILL  yap  iv  raZs  o-Tr/Auts  Trpos  Tins  o-t'/u.jU,a^tats  kill  7r/jottviui?  kul 
TToAiTctais  ovTo<;  ai'uy pd<f>€TiU  '  vvv  8e  yeyovt  KXyjpwTo^.  KXrjpovin  Se 
Kai  (TTL  TOL'S  vo/xoi.'S  CTEpoi',  ccj  7rapiiKd6r)TiU  Trj  l3orXr].  kill  di'Tty/jac/>CTrxt 
Kill  ouTos  Trai'ras.  ^ttpoTOi'tt  o€  kiu  6  oi//ios  ypiLppuTeu  Titv  ni'iLyvoxTii/iivov 
avTw  /cat  T/y  fiovXtj,  kill  ovTO<i  oi'Sei'o?  €(m  ki'/dios  uAA'  j*  toO  di'u'y I'tovai. 
This  is  the  fountain  head  of  almost  all  our  literary  information 
on  the  subject  of  the  secretaries  of  the  senate  and  people.  Pol- 
lux, viii,  98,  has  paraphrased  the  passage  thus  : 

Ilepi   TpilfllllLTtCOV. 

TpappMTEVi  6  Kara  irpvTavtLUV  '  KXrjpoyOa.';  vtto  t//s  fiovXrj<;  eVt  tw  ypdp.- 
fxara  (^vXdjTUV  kill  to.  ij/rj(f)L<TpMTiL  '  kill  trepos  eVi,  Toi's  vdpovs  viro  Trj<;  fiov- 
A^S  T^eiporovoi'/xei/os.  o  Oe  vrri)  tov  orjpov  ntpe^tts  ypiLpparf.v'i  iivayiiuxTKeL 
T(3  re  Br'jpw  kol  rtj  /3ovArJ. 

IJepL    AvTiyp(L(f)ffi>';. 

'AvTLypiL(f>tv<;  "  irporepov  /xev  miptros,  ilvOl';  6t  KXrjpiDTo';  rjv  '  kul  Trdvra  dvT- 
eypd(fiCTO  ■n-apaKaOijii.evo^  Tij  ftovXij. 

Pollux  is  wrong"  in  saying  that  the  secretar\-  of  the  laws  was 
elected  by  show  of  hands.  He  also  makes  duties  for  two  offi- 
cials, the  ypa/i/xareus  Kara  irpwaveiav  and  the  di'TLypaffavi,  out  of  those 
given  by  Aristotle  to  the  f(jrmer  alone. 

The   following    is    Harpokration's  ver.-ion   'f  it  (Dei]!,    .win, 

p.  238,  14.  o  ypafxp.iLTeh';  Trj<;  fiovXri^}  : — Fpa/x/aaTtus  "  ^y]iio<rO{vrj<i  VTrep 
K.Tr]crL(fiii)VTO<;.  'O  ypa/x/xureus  ttoJ?  re  KadifTTaTO  kill  tl  iTrpiiTTtv,  oj?  ruiv 
ypapparmv  T  etrrt  Kvpio<;  kill  th  ti/r;<^/.<r/xur(i  ra  ytvo/xei/u  <f>vXdTT(.L  kill  to. 
aAAu  TrdvTiL  di'Tiypd(/)£Tut  kiu  TrapaKiWyjTiLL  Ti]  fiovXij,  8(.Bi'jXo)Kti'\\pL<TTOT(Xr)<; 
iv   hBrfvaimv  ttoXltuil  . 

The  value  of  the  information,  added  by  the  publication  in  1.S91 
of  the  'Ad-qvuLoyv  IToAiTctu  referred  to,  is  chiefly  in  that  it  reconciles 
the  statements  of  Pollux  and  Harj^oknition.  It  compels  us  to 
accept  the  facts  as  given,  and  to  apply  our  knowledge  towards  the 
elucidation  of  the  iuscriptional  evidence. 

We  learn  from  Aristotle  that  there  were  three  secretaries  of  the 
senate  and  assembly  ;  we  do  not  learn,  however,  the  distinguish- 


8 


The  Athenian  Secretaries. 


ing  title  of  each.  The  ypa/i/iarei)?  Kara  i:pvTa.vf.uiv  is,  indeed,  desig- 
nated pretty  clearly,  and  his  duties  would  seemingly  make  his 
identification  easy  ;  but  his  name  is  not  the  only  one  coiniected 
with  the  {l/r](t>LrrfiaTa,  as  will  be  seen  shortly.  The  secretary  for 
the  law.s  is  not  given  a  title  at  all.  The  third  secretary  is  simply 
denoted  l)y  his  function,  z.  e.,  to  read  documents  to  the  senate  and 
people. 

§  3.   rpa/x/Mareu9  T179  /80UX179. 

In  the  inscriptions  we  find  that  the  secretary,  who  publishes  the 
decrees  of  the  senate  and  people  in  the  earliest  i)eriod,  is  designated 
thus  :  in  the  Nom.  case,  6  ypafxiMiTtv'i  6  r^s  ^ov\rj<;,  or  6  y/ju/x/u,aTei'9 
TTJs  /3ov\ri^  ;  in  the  Gen.,  toC  ypn/x/iAUTeajs  t^s  ^ouA^s  ;  in  the  Dat.,  tw 
ypaiMfiaTtL  rrj<;  jSovXrj'i  ;  in  tlie  Acc,  tov  ypafifiaria  t^s  /SouA^s,  never 
rov  y/ju/x/x(xT€u  tov  t^s  ^ouA^s,  except  in  a  doubting  suggestion  by 
Kirchhofl*  in  C.  I.  A  iv  i,  22k,  1.  7,  p.  58,  and  in  C.  I.  A.  iv 
I,  ii6p,  p.  68,  where  it  has  likewise  been  restored  by  the 
editor.  This  designation  appears,  in  the  formula  used  to  indicate 
the  way  in  which  the  decree  was  to  be  disposed  of,  in  the  oldest 
inscriptions,  and  continues  in  use  until  318-7  B.  C.  After  this  it 
is  never  found.  Between  363  B.  C.  and  321  B.  C,  the  title  ypajx- 
/jtarevs  T^s  /3ouA^s  is  found  about  thirty  times,  and  after  321  B.  C, 
once,  in  318-7  B.  C.  (C.  I.  A.  iv  2,  231b,  1.  67). 

The  chief  business  of  the  ypa(ifjua.Tw,  seemingly,  is  to  inscribe 
the  decrees  of  the  senate  and  people,  on  stone  tablets,  and  set 
them  up  in  the  places  specified.  He  has,  further,  to  set  up  lists, 
at  the  bidding  of  the  .senate  and  assembly, — such  as,  the  names  of 
allies  of  Athens,  the  text  of  oaths  and  arrangements  between  the 
city  and  other  states,  the  names  of  benefactors  and  Trpo^tvoi  of  the 
state,  and  the  names  of  generals.  He  has  to  make  copies  of  de- 
crees already  in.scribed  and  to  collate  others.  His  duties  are  thus 
connected  with  the  business  of  the  .senate  and  assembly  in  their 
civil  and  legislative  capacity.  He  has  no  legal  functions  of  any 
nature. 

The  formula  by  which  his  duties  are  normally  specified,  before 
01.  100,  is  as  follows  :  t6  St  i/'T^K^tcr/Aa  roSe  avaypa^ai  tov  ypa/i/iarca 
T^S  /SovA^s  iv  (TT'qKri  XiOlvt)  Koi  KaTadtlvai  ifiwoXu. 


Titles  of  the  Pscphismata  Secretary, 


deed,  desig- 
y  make  his 
e  connected 
ecretary  for 
ry  is  simply 
2  senate  and 


lublislies  the 
IS  designated 

6  ■ypa/x/u.aTCVS 

the  Dat.,  tw 

3ov/\^s,  never 

iggestion  l^y 

1  C.  I.  A.  IV 

)red    by    the 

;d  to  indicate 

n  the  oldest 

After  this  it 

le  title  ypa/u,- 

er  321  B.  C, 

to  inscribe 

|lets,  and  set 

set  np  lists, 

;he  names  of 

Ibetween  the 

)6ii.voi  of  the 

ipies  of  de- 

ies  are  thus 

ibly  in  their 

lions  of  any 

^fied,  before 
\v  ypa/x/iarta 


After  350  B.  C.  the  formula  is  as  follows  :     dmypai/'ai  8c  rolt  t6 

il/-q<f>i(TiJui  Tov  ypafifJLarta  ■nj<:  /SovA^s  iv  (TTr'jKr)  kiOivr)  Kai  aTrjmu  iv  aKpoTroKti, 
With  the  title  ypa/x/iaTtvs  t^s  (3ov\rj<i  tlie  name  of  the  person 
holding  the  office  is  never  given.  In  C.  I.  A.  iv  2,  872b,  1.  7,  iii, 
1038,  and  1045,  t''^  ^^tle  ypa/x/xarevs  fiovKrji  is  in  all  |)robability 
a  shortened  form  of  ypafiixaTiv^  rrji  (3ov\rjs  kuI  tov  8rjfxov,  —that  of  a 
different  official  altogether. 

§  4.   T pafifxaTevi;  Kara  Trpvraveiav. 

But,  as  intimated  earlier,  we  find  an  official  with  a  different 
title  attending  to  the  i/zj^e^t'o-piru,  and  performing  duties  very  simi- 
lar to  those  of  the  ypa/Ltuarcvs  t^s  (3ov\rj^.  Are  they  two  distinct 
secretaries  or  is  there  only  one  with  two  titles  ?  First  as  to  the 
title  ; — in  all  the  inscriptions,  except  five,  this  new  secretary  is 
designated  by  tlie  name  found  in  Aristotle  6  ypa/x/xuTevs  6  Kara 
irpvTuivtMv.  These  five  are  :  (  i)  C.  I.  A.  i,  61  r409-8  B.  C. ), 
(2)  C.  I.  G.  Sept.,  4252  (332-1  B.  C),  (3)  C.  I.  A.  II,  167,  1.  31 
(between  33.-  ^nd  326  B.  C),  (4)  C.  I.  A.  iv  2,  245e,  and  (5) 
C.  I.  A.  r- 

In  C.  1.  A.  I,  61,  we  find  the  phrase  Tov[KaTa  rrpvraveiav  ypap-fui] 
Tt'ws  T^s  /SouA^s.  In  it  [kutol  TrpvTuviiav  ypa/A/nu]  has  been  restored  by 
Koehler.  C.  Schaefer  has  proposed  the  alternative,  Toi{/3ucnA€ws 
ju.€Ta  TOV  ypa/Lip.a]re(iJs  T^s  /3ouA^s,  and  this  has  ])een  received  with 
favor  by  Sandys  (Ath.  Pol.  54,  3  note).  In  C.  I.  G.  Sept., 
4252,  the  formula  is  complete  :  avaypanpai  8t  toSc  to  iprjt^Lvpua. 
iv  (TTrjXrj  \i6ivti  Kal  (TTrjma  iv  tw  iepw  tov  Kdra  TrpvTavciav  ypafipuiTia. 
In  the  other  three  in.scriptions  cited,  the  phrase  tov  kutol  TrpvTuvuuv 
ypap.pM.Tia  has  been  restored  either  in  whole  or  part.  In  (2),  (3), 
(4),  and  (5),  the  order  of  the  words  only  is  reversed  :  no  new  idea 
is  added.  Such  is  not  the  case  in  C.  I.  A.  i,  61,  and  it  is  not 
till  358  B.  C,  50  years  later,  that  the  second  reference  to  the 
secretarj'  Kara  irpvTaviiav  is  recorded.  In  C.  I.  A.  11,  114;  A. 
Wilhelm,  Bericht',  p.  6  ;  C.  I.  A.  iii,  1030,  and  1038,  we  have 
the  title  ypap.p.aTiv%  Kara  irpvTaviiav  simply  ;  but,  as  this  occurs  each 
time  in  a  list  of  the  different  officials  of  the  senate,  none  of  which 
have  the  article  its  absence  does  not  signify. 

'  Reprint  apparently  from  the  Silzunj^sberichte  der  kaiserlichen  Akade- 
mie  der  Wissenschaften  zu  Wien,  philosopli.-hist.  Klasse,  dated  9th  Dec, 
1897. 


10 


The  Athenian  Secretaries. 


The  first  reference  to  this  ofiiciiil.  leaving  out  of  account  C. 
I.  A.  I,  6i,  is  either  in  358-6  B.  C.  or  354-2  B.  C,  Here  he  is 
called  6  y/ju/x/iaTcus  o  Kara  jrpvTaveiav.  Between  the  years  350  B.  C. 
and  320  B.  C,  this  title  is  found  about  twenty-five  times  ;  between 
320  B.  C.  and  100  B.  C.  about  one  hundred  times  ;  between  100 
B.  C.  and  the  birth  of  Christ  about  fifteen  times,  five  of  them  be- 
ing in  one  inscription,  and  afterwards  three  times,  once  l)etween 
166  A.  D.  and  169  A.  D,,  once  a;;  about  175  A.  D.  and  once  in  the 
year  209     10  A.  U. 

As  to  the  duties  of  the  ypaix(xaTC\j<;  6  Kara  TrpvTaviiuv  ; — in  C.  I.  A. 
I,  61,  the  secretary  mentioned  seems  to  have  had  charge  of  the 
law  of  Draco  concerning  nuirder.  At  any  rate,  the  revisers  of 
the  laws  (avaypa<i>^<:  TU)v  vo/Awv)  are  to  receive  the  law  from  him, 
to  inscrilje  it  on  a  stone  tal)let,  and  set  it  down  in  front  of  the 
stoa  of  the  king  arclion. 

In  C.  I.  A.  II,  61  (358-6  B.  C.  or  354-2  B.  C  ),  the  ypafifmreix: 
Kara  npvTuvuav  and  the  other'  secretaries  in  charge  of  the  state  doc- 
uments are  to  arrange  the  treasures  in  the  Chalkotheke  according 
to  the  nationality  of  the  donors,  to  register  the  number,  and 
make  transcripts  of  the  lists  so  registered.  When  this  is  done, 
the  secretary  of  the  senate  ( ypu/x/xaTeiJs  t^s  fiovK^^f  is  to  inscribe 
the  lists  on  a  stone  tablet  and  set  it  up  in  front  of  the  Chalkotlieke. 
The  secretary  of  the  senate  is,  further,  to  make  transcripts 
(^TTOLrjaraaOai  avTiypacfm  (k  twv  (TTrjXiov)  of  the  inscriptions  that  deal 
v^^ith  the  treasures  of  the  Chalkotheke. 

From  this  time  on,  the  ypufifiartv^  kuto.  irpvTaveiav  appears  regu- 
larly with  the  duty  of  inscribing  the  decrees  of  the  senate  and 
people  on  stone  tablets  and  setting  them  up  in  specified  places. 
Lists  also  are  set  up  by  him,  such  as  testimonials  of  Trpo^eviat  of 
persons,  patents  of  citizenship,  names  of  certain  officials,  names 
of  maidens  who  bore  the  peplos  at  the  Panathenaic  processions 

etc. 

The  regular  fornuila  for  the  ordinary  duties  of  the  ypap-fxarcvi  6 

Kara  trpvTavtiav  is  :      avaypd\]/ai   8c    roSe  to    iprjipKr/xa  t6v  ypapLfiaTia  tov 

Kara  TrpwTttVttav  iv  crTrjXr]  \i6ivrj  koI  CTT^crai  fv — . 


'  ol  dXXoi  ypafifiarfis  ol  ivl  toU  Srjfioalon  ypdfjifiaffiv. 

'  See  Gustav  (xilhert  in  Phil.  39,  i.SScj,  p.  136  f.  for  the  mention  of  the  two 
titles  in  the  same  inscription. 


Titles  of  the  Psephismata  Secretary, 


II 


processions 


Ion  of  the  two 


III  direct  connection  with  the  title  6  ypafxix(iT€v<:  6  Kara  irpvravtLav, 
the  name  of  the  individual  is  found  in  four  cases  only.  These 
are,  (i)  C.  I.  A.  ii,  114  (343-2  IJ.  C).  where  we  have  the  name 
KAtdorpttTos  Tiixoadivovi  AlyiXuvq  ;  (2)  A.  Willielni,  Bericht,  p.  6 
(335-4  B.  C  ),  where  the  name  ITpd^ti/os  ITvAdydpou 'A;^£p8oiJo-ios  is 
directly  given  the  title  ypa/x/xarcus  Kara  irpvTavtMV  ;   (3)  C.  I.   A.  Ill, 

1030  (between   166-7    ^-   I^-    ^^'^^^    168-9  A.  D.),   iti    whicli   we 
have  Mouo-ttios  4>uAao-ios ;  (4)  C.  I.  A.  in.   1038  (circa  175  A.  D.), 

in  which  we  find  EuKapTros  ©ew 

To  sum  up  :  we  have  found  (i)that  until  the  year  35S-6  B.  C.  or 
354-2  B.C.  an  official  called  6 ypa/x/iarevs  t^s /SovA^s  superintends  the 
publication  of  the  i/^77</>io-/j,ara  of  tlie  senate  and  assembly  and  does 
their  bidding  in  related  matters,  e.£-.,  in  making  copies  of  decrees 
previously  posted  up  ;  (2)  that,  between  358-6  B.  C.  or  354-2  B.  C. 
and  318-7  B.  C,  either  two  distinct  secretaries  with  the  same 
fuJictions,  or  one  secretary  with  two  distinct  titles  performs  these 
duties.  In  this  latter  period  we  find  that  the  duties  performed 
bv  the  ypaiJ.fX.aTtv<;  Trj<;  (3ov\^<:  and  the  y/aa/x/xarei's  6  Kara  vpvTdveiav  are 
the  same,'  and  agree  in  their  nature  with  tho^^e  assigned  by  Aris- 
totle to  the  ypa/XjU,aT£vs  6  Kara  irpvraviLav,  and  by  Harpokration  to 
the  ypa/x/x«T£wsT^s /JovXt}?  (Dem.  xviii,p.  238,  14).  Neither  of  them 
can  be  either  of  the  other  two  secretaries  mentioned  in  Aristotle 
Ath.  Pol.  54.  In  several''  cases  the  secretary  is  called  simply 
6  yp(x/x/xaTtu's,  a  fact  which  points  strongly  to  the  existence  of  only 
one  official.  The  formulae  used  to  denote  their  duties  are  alike  in 
both  cases,  and  undergo  like  changes  simultaneously.  There  are 
these  reasons  for  considering  them  the  same  person  under  different 
titles,  and  the  transition  stage,  between  358-6  B.  C.  or  354-2  B.  C. 
and  318-7  B.  C,  during  which  the  two  titles  are  mentioned  with 
about  equal  frequency,  is  quite  natural,  if  we  tliink  of  one  name 
being  superseded  by  the  other,  i.e..  ypafiiMircv^  t^s  (SovKrj^  by 
ypafXfA.aT€\}<:  6  Kara  irpvTavciav. 

'  "  Quae  vero  ratio  adhibita  sit  in  distribucndis  dccretis,  etsi  in  rem  inqui- 
sivi,  perspicere  non  potui,  licet  suspiceris  Athenieiises  consilio  potius  usos 
esse  quam  casu." — Penndorf,  Leipz.  Stud,  xviii,  p.  146. 

»C.  I.  A.  IV  2,  54b,  1.  43,  88b,  1.  14,  104a,  1.  30,  318c  frg.  d,  1.  21  ;  11,  39, 
Add.,  66b. 


12 


The  Athenian  Secretaries. 


§  5.  Sp:crrtariEvS  mentioned  in  Titles  and  Official 
Headings  of  Decrees. 

Ill  the  introductory  part  of  the  decrees  passed  l)y  the  Athenian 
senate  and  people,  the  name  of  a  secretary  is  mentioned,  and 
alon.n  with  it,  thos.-  of  the  tribe  in  the  prytany  when  the  decree 
was  passed,  of  the  chairman  who  put  the  motion,  of  the  person 
who  made  the  motion  in  the  meeting,  and,  in  some  cases,  of  the 
archon  eponymos  for  the  year.  To  some  decrees,  also,  there  is 
affixed  a  title,  usually  written  in  large  letters  at  the  very  top  of 
the  stone.  This  contains,  in  .some  cases,  the  names  of  the  indi- 
viduals, or  states,  affected  by  the  decree,  or  the  general  sub- 
ject of  the  decree  ;  in  other  cases,  with  or  without  this, 
the  name  of  the  st-cretary,  or  archon,  or  both.  The  identity 
of  the  secretary,  mentioned  in  large  letters  at  the  top  of 
the  decree,  with  the  person,  said  in  the  ordinary  heading 
to  have  been  secretary  at  the  time  the  decree  was  passed,  is  de- 
termined absolutely  by  the  identitj-  of  the  names  in  all  the  ordi- 
nary inscriptions  that  contain  both.  C.  I.  A.  iv  2,  5d  (399-8 
B.  C.)  will  .serve  to  illustrate  the  ordinary  title  and  heading  : 


1  '  ApiOTOKpaTiyS  ^PX'- 

2  AvfTi/xaxos  KoAwj/^^ev  eypafifidrtve. 

3  'Apio-Tc'ov  Aiyiws. 

4  "YiSo^ev  Tfj  l3ov\rj  '      IlavSiov- 

5  is  fTrpvTaLVCve,  Avtrt/xaxos 

6  iypafi/JLaiTeve,  KXewr  CTrecTT- 

J  aret  '      <dv  tnre  '  '  Apicrre- 

8  av  Tov  '  A)(aiov  tov  Aiyia  di'a- 

9  ypdif/ai  TOV  ypap.p.iiTea  Trjs 

10  l3ov\rj<;  iv  TTok^j  iv  (TTrjXr)  \- 

1 1  i6ivrj  Trp6$€vov  kuI  evtp- 

12  yirffv  U.VTOV  kol  eKyoi/ous,  d- 

13  vaypanj/ai  8c  avTOV  tov  vov.- 

14  ,  €7r£i8»;  elcri  dv8- 

15  pes  ayaOol  Trepl  ttjv  ttoAiv 

16  TTjv  '  A6r)vai(i>v 


[    Title. 


Official  heading. 


'     Decree. 


Names  of  the  Psephismata  Secretaries. 


13 


For  the  sake  of  clearness,  hereafter,  inscriptions  consistiiiji;  of 
a  decree  of  tlie  senate  and  people  passed  prior  to  368  IJ.  C,  will 
be  divided  as  above.  All  before  cSo^evwill  be  called  the  title.  All 
between  the  title  and  the  name  of  the  mover  of  the  decree  will  be 
called  the  (7///r/rt/ ^^^/f//;/^,  and  all  after  the  name  of  the  mover, 
the  decree.  In  discussing  decrees  th;it  belonj^  after  368  H.  C,  all 
that  i)recedes  the  decree  proper  will  be  called  the  preamble. 
Usually  near  the  end  of  the  decree,  e.g.,  in  line  8  ff.  of  the  in- 
scri])tion  just  cited,  there  are  given  the  formulae  quoted  above  as 
indicating  the  ordinary  duties  of  the  secretary  in  question.  It  is 
in  these  formulae  that  the  two  different  titles,  ypufinnTivi  Trj<;  /3ouA^? 
and  ypufiiJinTtv<i  Kara  TrpvTavuav  are  found. 

It  might,  I  think,  have  been  taken  for  granted  ihat  the  secre- 
tary, mentioned  by  name  in  the  title  and  official  heading,  is  the 
same  one  whose  duties  are  stated  in  the  body  of  the  dicree.  The 
identity  of  the  two  in  the  period  preceding  368  B.  C.  has  never 
been  disputed  by  anyone.  Aristotle  takes  account  of  the  omission 
of  the  name  of  the  secretary  in  the  title  under  the  head  of 
ypaixfiarevi  kiito.  Trpvrnvtiav,  and  ill  C.  I.  A.  II,  II4  ail  official,  wliose 
name  appears  in  the  preamble  of  two  inscriptions  (C  I.  A.  iv  2, 
114  b,  114c),  is  called  ypu/i/ouiTeus  Kara  irpvTavuav.  Ill  the  preamble 
of  C.  I.  A.  IV  2,  128I)  A,  the  name  of  the  secretary  may  with 
certaintj'  be  restored  thus,  Upo^tvo^  UvXayopov  ' AxepSouVio?  (see 
below  ^it).  To  this  same  individual,  in  A.  Wilhelm,  Hericht, 
p.  6,  is  attached  the  title,  ypap.fiaTev<;  Kara  TrpvTuvcMv  (see  below 
§  10).  This  view  is  made  quite  certain  by  the  decrees  of  the 
years  321-0  B.  C,  320-9  B.  C,  and  319-8  B.  C.  There  were 
during  this  period  two  officials  dealing  with  decrees.  Both  are 
mentioned  by  name  in  the  preaml)le.  Upon  one  only,  the 
<ivaypa<^et;s,  Is  imposed  the  task  of  publishing  the  decrees.  Had 
the  ypafjLp.aTev<i  t^s  j8ouA.^s,  who  between  358  B.  C.  and  318  B.  C. 
had  frequently  to  publish  the  dt-crees,  been  other  than  the  one 
said  in  the  preamble  to  have  been  secretary  at  the  time  the  decree 
was  passed,  in  all  reason,  we  should  have  expected  to  find  his 
name  in  the  preamble  also. 


14 


The  Athenian  Secretaries. 


u 

n 

fN 
I 

r<-. 

VO 
rO 

o 
{-I 

0li 
o 

I— I 

a 

a. 
w 


u 

w 

1/! 

GOV 


•f 


•i3 


•s 


.::  is 

•2  3 

•::  « 

O  N 

a.  '^ 

U  , 

—  u 


ii     ii 


o 

0 

rA 

I*; 

M 

r"? 

tfl 

Cki 

V 

M 

3 
O 

o 

i!i 

o 

\i 

i5 

ILI 

t-H 

•J. 

4-* 

> 

Oi 

< 

bX) 

H 

tr 

W 

tr 

•^ 

ai 

o; 

r^ 

a; 

C     rt 


b 

^ 

^ 

Oi 

^ 

•„ 

■c 

••s. 

^ 

p. 

(0 

u 

'^rC.oo  vd« 

-•  <7^    .     .     • 

■^ 

Coo  d.  a.  J 

■J)  o    t/)         (/) 

•<0     ^     X<     < 


QC 


v£5 

00 


N 

"5  f^ 


c  >-• 


be    .  o   r:  > 


-  ct      >  ro 
rt  1^  <0>  lO     . 


,v       ,      ,1-1       .       ,ON,      .      .7^ 

vOlH^^^HM-ll-ll-HtaN       O^     to^       l-«       t-4    ^ 

--.  -e..   .     •  ^* ►^  "^ >^ --^ -^ ^ 


rO 


P., 


lO' 


X  -' 


O 


m 


ON 


-  «    rO 


'SI 


^ 

^ 

(/I 

s 

0 

0^ 

<A 

"a. 

(A 

o 
1 — 1 

b 

•* 

§ 

•r?-^ 

,0 

Name  and D 

1 

4 

(A 

1^. 

g  1 \    >t 

■T^    1  1 — 1 

(A  ^CJ 

1 1  Q. 

O  < 

>      II      1 

:::    t    X' — ' 

r— 1 

!f 
1— 1 

1 

r  1 

1 

< 

8  ^ 

i^  L 1 

'     ^ 

00 

vO 

as  1^  \D 

71- 

=15 

r 

? 

0 

rf  ro  <^  ro 
-t  -t  -1-  -t-  On 
1      1      1      1      T 
O^  -f  -t  -t  0 

1 
1   12 

lO 

, 

to 

, 

•t  -t  -t  -t  't 

to 

re  . 

rD  fO 

■^  o 

rt-  O 

•&  -t  -t  -i-  "i- 

"+ 

't  a 

'^h  rf- 

i  ^ 

M               M     ^H 

M 

H 

M     M 

1 

■4-1 

71 

w 

ni 

•/) 

•a 

■f. 

se 

tn 

G 

■4-1 

■r. 

2 

4-1 

bfl 

5 
(1) 

11 

i 

— • 

OS 

i 

<: 

<^ 

^ 

M 

«< 

<fl 


o 

!/) 

o 

V 

ta 

N 

I— I 

c   l-H 


o 


s  5  "^"  ? 


m'   O  5    O   r<S  fA 
fO  f^T^    tc  ro  k/ 


o 
1—1 

I- 

b 

< 


o 

^ 

5i 

w 

b 

a. 

§ 

H 

1    f^ 

M 

M     W 

A^«w^.  ^/  //,^  Pscphhmata  Sccrctanes. 


15 


'a 


.M 


I 


'5 


r^ 


ON 


o 


•^  f^.ti 


o .  ^ 


t-^  t^  irj 

^  ^  ^  o^  o 


-  «^:: 

a    .  '~ 

o\  ^ 

fo 

<^       '^ 

l^ 

N 

^   1/  - 

*v^      '- 

^          ro 

►    "—I  r" 

1^        1^ 

►^      r-" 

->          t^ 

►-^  ^ 

0  d  t-; 

t^ 

o^'C  2. 

-^  -^  CO 

fc 

rc=;    t 

'CO 


7:^ 


in 


i^  1^ 


p.,  j:^  (■( 


'O 

■-• 

rt 

' 

•■"• 

(N 

, 

vd 

^h'; 

. 

(N 

ry 

-t 

-t- 

(<; 

CO 

1^ 

« 

O^ 

" 

^   X     — 


^^ 


«• 


(/< 


o 
.b 


o 

O 


f    St 
It-  s- 


i?  K  ^  "=^  -<   f  ^ 

S    "    ®  '<  I — I  fc    s 
S  x^     3         I I  i     i 


t-    s. 


(A 
o 
X 

3 


X 


.    b    3    S. 
■J?      ■  -< 

c    .C 


s 

If 

o 


CO 
I 


w 

.     3      vw 
.<1S 


CS    M    (N 

"^  rt-  -J- 


J 

;^ 
e 

^§- 

< 


>^ 


vS-        •       §        f 

-w               p  1 1 

-^ 

'<      •    t-    0 

>" 

y       •     -    > 

'< 

1  ■*''J  : 

i  : 
1.^.  ■ 

0 

n 

-t- 

fr> 

f  r  -  ^^ 

7^  '.^ 

1-   -t- 

!/i 

o 


b 

< 


I 

CO 


"-    (N    -    -^ 


t/5  \;:; 


S^        ^   = 


Cfi 


V    ~ 


o 

.2 

-*-!      G3 


5     ^"5 


■4^ 

c  c 

U 

-   u 

;uKt^ 

0; 
to 


tn 


S       c  X 

be      C1.X 

<    S5 


i6 


The  Athenian  Secretaries. 


I 


t 


f 


<3 


I 


/v. 

•7) 


j2 

■5    ss 


"a) 

r. 

*^ 

5^ 

a; 

u 

••« 

w< 

'ft 

1l 


.X 


1^ 


g^«  ;r' 


lO 


lO 


I 


fN 


f^  re 

00  CO 


(K  CO 


00^'-' c  -c^xr'oo 


«    lO  -    lO 


rCvO 


r^ 

VO  CC 

.t          •/ 

«  o 

lO        i 

f^ 

C^d. 

c     S 

, 

o 

-2   rt 

vD  vO 

"^ 

^          ^ 

.    .  N 

-^        N1 

—    r<-,  N 

.-     '^      . 

r< 


5 


ad 


00 


?r 


W 

I: 

3 

< 

o 
v< 
«j 
;^ 

a. 


<3 


w 

■4 

to 

if 

< 

i' 

'-0  .; 

i;^ 

(/I 

^SlJIi 

3 

^w 

h 

t-    s. 

<r 

N 

-^  3< 

^ 

.-< 

^-^ 

ixi  €h  /<  <1 

. 

3    2 
-  -a! 


t 


o 


o    s- 

^1 


O 


<B- 


Si;  -1  w 


US 


.3 

t- 
^  3 


5  CO 
iL&o 

?    » 
I    S 

W  © 
if  ic'^ 

-  -0-  s    ' 

'<  -w    ^      I 


VO    ID  -t  rO  I-  O 

I    I    I     I     I        T 

^  5-  ^  ^  ^         ^ 


lO 


ON  CT\  (^  o^  O^QC  CO    t^  r-«.  rx^O 

Illllllll'll 

O  O  O  O  O  O^  O>co  X  CC  t^vO 

„«-.««ooocooo 


o 


11 


:| 

HH        l-H        l-H 

«    rC'O  X    a> "-         - 

x 

X 

■4-> 

—     X            'X 

.--> 

5 

C  'C    t/j  "-^  .- 

«ft 

-^1 

.iCS 

•S-Si  =  l|-5-- 

o' 

t/) 

f;=^ 

.   Cm 

llililll : 

:S 

<OH4ffiwfc4<<i  : 

W 

< 

Names  of  the  Pscphismata  Secretaries. 


17 


0- 

^ 

HH 

N 

" 

> 

d. 

a. 

'r 

, 

/■ 

S 

^ 

0 

r^ 

1; 

0 

»H 

n 

y 

1^ 

-t 

_ 

*-^ 

r^ 

0 

cc 

^ 

^, 

>  ^ 

^-H 

l-H 

l-H 

y-^ 

H4 

V 


1 


-^  § 

3  !>o 

a.c« 

i   > 

-  >< 

3   » 

«-   0 

w  © 

(/•<'(/> 

-     0  i._i 

W» 

■l.fl 

■        1 
1 

^l 

0    t-  -s 

-> 

1 

C;^i  , 

e- 

1 

fo 

0 

■* 

^  ^ 

't  1-  - 

•«     «* 

•* 

10  t; 

%^  ^ 

_ — 

in 


b/3 


^ 

•J? 

.2 

.a 

"^ 

% 

r^ 

s 

fi: 

< 

I 

■a 

I 


Is 


.!9 

c 

Cut5 


r. 

•i "?  ■- 


X 

"S 


•/;    c 


t,         -'^  .t   O 

•V  #•       (H       r* 


.2f  ;. 


M    .t-^ 


<    ^ 


■      C    HM  "^    N"l 


vi 


^"O 


ON  d> 


k'  >»*        ,  l_(   »>   >—   1^  l-< 


-         < 


1- 


10 


N 


.     .    1,  ~  ^.  -^  .   O  -c  .n  « 

I -s  fS|    i-N    —  ^.^       ^  *^    rj    »-*    ►-«  «— '  MM 

X   <s   fs   N   PI  ,1^   -  ^     .   CI   M  ^   —   ri   (~i   CI   rj   PI   M 


K^  l-( 


I I 

3 

< 


o 


o 


r!    ".  ;z;  i(J  <  'I  w 


o 

a- 


I 

CI    CI    rO  rooo 

I      I     C  CJ_   I 

to  i-o  -t  -)-  (^ 

O    O      .      .    ON 

-t  -t  o  0  m 


<s- 

;:> 

3 

■< 
I — I 

o 

(A 

o 

>: 

-4 

b 


CO 

I 

On 
CO 


3 


1^ 


a. 

a,      '-^ 


X 

a. 


O 


o 
a. 

X    O  (A 

?    «  s- 

0  t- 

I  5.    (A      ^, , 


3 
■a 

0 


3 


2:^ 

X 

a.  J 


=  ^  ^<  X  H 


o 

•3 


5  !:' 


•^  b 


0 

■6- 
1—1 
/I 


■^         r^  iC. 


-e- 


a.      I — 


a 
a. 

X  Xc^  N 

ui  :ii  i.i :_, 


a.  a. 


r<^  f;  fO  -+  -t  -t  t^  >0 
I      I      I     !>  C^  O    I      I 

-t  -f  -t-  f 'I  f-  f-v;  1  ^ 

Cn  C>  3^     .      .      .XX 
(^  fO  fO  o    o    o    f-  f^ 


VO 


10  -t  I  -•  1-^  X    d  • 

X    X     I  ^  1  ^        ^ 
<■•"/  r"",  f",  C",  O  — 


■r. 


11  s  n 


(/I 


7}       .ii       .i: 

'5- 
o 


r..:i; 


rt 


rt 


r,   —   ^ 


ph  :<<x 


■r.    z 


'r^ 


:^'^:rz:c     -r. 


i8 


The  Athenian  Secretaries. 


M 


^ 

^ 

tho 
his 
itis 

1-. 

K-^^ 

c: 

W 

^^< 

\ 


^ 


^ 


C; 


7) 

o      '% 


■r.    -J) 


•^  ^    •/;    m 

-  ^x  Q  .2  .2     'z: 
<i  i-U  ■•-  •"  c:   r;       II 


(fl                                                     1 

(fl 

>?   tfl                           i 

-M 

c  '-5 .2            N 

O 

:i  o  a           ■  "s 

IJ 

<3o          1 

hJ 

5 

o 
"1 


pi 
> 


^     (N 


C^  O   --I 


o 


On 


<N 

K 


>«^>— 1'^>— II— ir't— It— ( 


rl  fO  ro  -T^  lO 

t^t^t^t-N. 00^. 

>— I       (-^(•^k'k^I— <l— It— CI— II— ik'i-hi-h 


b 

O 
?« 


P 

o 

-< 

r-  1 

I I 

-©- 

o 

^o    ® 

b 


I I 

o 


(A 

o 


o 
0 


o 


— iw^ 

■Ujll — I 


„    ^  s 

*      _      3 

•    3  ^5? 


O        S  I 


o 


■e-  5 


CO 


■IJJ, 


I — I 
—1  t- 

^    ><  b    3 


,h  1 a    i^  ^  §    p- 

p-  »-    ?.^:f   2  ^ 


©  w  <  S  S 


o 


' 

-          - 

(/< 

s- 

60  1  '~1 

^»    o    u 

1^  §- 

<  J  '-^ 

i  0  2 

P    ^  i; — 1 

i^  1^  1 1 

o 

^M; 

— ir,  -Uji    o  '5     O 
»»   i~'   ^O  i^      «      (. 

r^vS     '   <3 
iZli'/I 


I       I 


in 


I^O  >0  \C  vo      .  O  Ji 
rO  f*:)  rO  ro  rO  O    roPP 


tS      CS 


t^  -< 


ID 


^        V 

u 


■X    o; 


a; 


o 
11 


o 

o 


o 


s  ^  *->  *^   p  ^ 

I"*       r,       ^^       r—       *—    ■  ,   ; 


'ai  o 


.^  11 


<       <       <WH-f<fciiJW 


T.    rS 

^^     1-1 


c 
o 


2     '-5 

c        a 


M 


C3 

< 


t/j 


o 


.S   3   S 


Tribes  in  Secretaryship  and  Prytany  Different.       19 

§  7.  Rklations  betwkkn  Tribes  in  the  Secretaryship 
AND  Tribes  in  the  Prytaxv.    Mode  of  Electing  Secretary. 

It  can  be  seen  that,  at  least  as  late  as  the  year  368-7  B.C.,  the 
secretary  changed  with  the  prytany.  There  were  tluis,  in  all 
probability,  ten  secretaries  in  the  year,  one  from  each  of  the  ten 
tribes.  Moreover,  the  tribe  of  the  secretary  and  the  tribe  for 
which  he  was  secretary  were  never  the  same.  This  is  shown  by 
the  following:  ca.ses  in  which  we  know  both. 


TRiHics  oi'  SKCRirrvRncs  .vnd  tkihi.s  I'OK  WHICH  thicv  wi;rj-:  si;crktahii;s 

TAULI.ATED. 


.      .      .      .  =0    -f     . 

QS    O      >-<      ^         .     O    00 

i-^x  X  CO  es  M  t^ 


'5  I — 1 
-IS     O     ^ 


^ 

p 


2      1 

r*     ^.     ^  w 

W     >"^     '■C     1^         * 


o 
<3 

-e- 


o 
o 

CL, 

P-, 


"S 

o 


C3 


j;|l''    rrih  of  Secretary 


Xaiiic  and  Peiiir  of  Secret  a  rv 


444-31 
43,1-2 
■•r26-5 
421-20 

410-9 

410-9 
409-8 
409-8 

405-4 
403-2 

403-2 

399-« 

394-3 
394-3 
c-  394 
3-^7-6 

37'^-7 
37«-7 
a.  376 

375-4 

373-2 
369-8 

369-8 
368-7 

a-  363 
1 1 


Tt/xoreAr/?    t\-^iLf}Vf.v<; 
K/jtTtaSr/?  ^atLVLOV  Tet^pacrios 
MtyuKAtt'dT/s  AevKorouii? 
ripoKAfr/s    ATup/ioi,i  E  uoji/w/iev? 

KAciyc'i'T^s   AAntet's 

Aioyi'r/ro9  fJ'/jtdij/uo? 
ITo/\D/ii'ts  Ei'(i)r)Yi,eu9 
Kr](f)UTi)c})u)y  Ili/.ini'teus 
AyJppio?  KoAAvrers 

AvicrtjU.(i;(os  KoAoiriJ^ev 


Tribe  in 
Prytany 

Kekro])is 
Aiantis  ? 
Hiiipothontis 
Ilil'pothontis 

Aiantis 

Hiiipothoiitis 

Kt--kro])is 

Akamantis 

Kekropis 

]%reciUheis 

Pandionis 

Pandionis 

IlAaToji'  NiKo;(dpoi's  ©Avet's  Pandionis 

Akamantis      ' KpuTTOKiiixTr]^ kw)(ivov  KeffxtXrjOn'  .Vis^eis 
Krechtlieis         X(i/j(.'8;;/xf)«  WeoreAois-  Ad/XTTTpeu's      Hip])othontis 
Ai^'eis  lldpafxrOoq  ^PiXaypov    E^^^/.eus'  Kekl'opis 

Oineis  'A^arToreAr;?   Kv(t)L\yT()v  ' A^npviv<;  Leoiltis 

Pandionis        K<i.AA(7:?tosK)/(/)(<r()f/j<7ii7-()? ITdtm/iei's  Hippothontis 
Hippothontis  Er8/ju/j.(i)i'  '.\;^e/)8oi'(rto?  Pandionis 

j  Aiantis  <i)jAaKos  O1V.U05  Antiochis 

(  Hippothontis 

Aigeis  &ovBiuTr]<;  A.o/itiet's  Akamantis 

Hippothonti--  'E^ck  .  .  .  .ma.  .  .  .  (»  'A^r/riet'?     ICrechtheis 

Pandionis        'ApuTTiiJiy]^  2ir«(/>ere<i)  Ki'huBijVduvi;  I/<mtis 

Pandionis         ^lo'irYos  WttrTiov  K^'^aOijiauvi        Aiantis 

Oineis  'Sp.iKv6o<;  Xaplvov  'Ax(ipvev<:  Hippothontis 

I  i^;. '"^'^,        Olvalo,  Leonti-s 

(  Hippothontis 

I^eontis  ^pvvotv  AtvKovoiv;  Akamantis 

Antiochis         Ku8r/vwp  Kvl)i'ivopo<i ' A\u)-treKrj6tv   Kreclitheis 


Oineis 

Aigeis 

Leontis 

Kreclitheis 
f  Ait^eis 
(  Kekropis 

Kreclitheis 

Aiantis 

Leontis 

ICrechtheis 

Pandionis 

Ai,i;eis 
(  Aij^eis 
■\  Leontis 
(.Antiochis 

Kekrnjds 


20 


The  Atlienian  Secretaries. 


There  are  two  apparent  exceptions,  Vit.  Ant.,  p.  233,  76,  West- 
erniaini,  and  C.  I.  A.  iv  2,  73!)  ;  for  the  former  see  Hille,  Leipz. 
Stud.  I,  1878,  p.  213,  and  for  the  latter  see  Julius  Penndorf,  Leipz. 
Stud.    XVIII,    1897,  jL  114,  note  6. 

One  can  lianlly  believe  that  the  lot  pure  and  simple  decided  the 
order  of  the  tribes,  in  huldinir  either  one  of  the  offices  without 
relation  to  the  other  ;  lor,  in  that  case,  it  is  highly  impro1)able  that 
no  instance  sh(nild  have  been  handed  down  to  us  in  which  the  sec- 
retary belonged  to  the  prytanizing  tri))e.  We  are,  accordingl}', 
justified  in  suspecting  that  the  order  of  the  tribes  in  the  matter  of 
secretary  rei)resentation  is  determinable  in  terms  of  the  order  of  the 
tribes  in  the  orytany. 

We  have  direct  state  luenls  in  the  inscriptions  and  lileralxire  U) 
the  effect  tliat  the  order  of  the  triltes  in  the  jirytany  was  decided 
by  lot.      Thus  in  C.I. A.  11,  312.  we  read  : 

Tois  Se  •KfiVTo.vf.vi  d\  txv  [ttJ/joitoi'  \6,yunji\i  TrpvTavtvtiv  OLOjiTut  Trtpi  (ivTOV 

TTjv  {j/rjffiov  CIS  [TJT/^txTTpojrr/i/  iKKXyjauii' :  and  in  Aristotle  Ath.  Pol.  43  : 

TrpvTai'iveL  8'  ev  fiipti  TW'  <^v\wv  iKa.(TTr]  KaO'  o  tl  av  \d)(W(ni',  ai  fxev 
TrpCtTiu  TeTTupe^  et;  Kul  TpuxKovTa  rjp.ipas  kKadTrj,  ui  hk  tc  ut  uartpai  ttcVtc 
KiiL  TpioLKovTa  i^/jtepa?  eKaaTrj . 

Tliese  statements,  however,  might  l^e  interpreted  to  mean  that 
the  tril)e  to  sit  first  wa-^  fixed  l)y  lot  ;ind  the  others  followed  in  tlie 
official  order  ;  but  an  examination  of  the  inscrij^tions  shows  plain- 
ly enough  that  the  tribes  in  the  ])rytany,  at  least  during  the  fifth, 
fourth,  third  and  second  centuries  before  Christ,  did  not  have  any 
relation  to  the  official  (jrder  at  all. 

It  has  been  conunonly  believed  that  the  order  of  the  tril)es  in  the 
prytany  was  fixed  by  lot  at  the  beginning  of  the  year.  In  an  arti- 
cle on  the  '  Attic  Ci\il  and  Sacred  Years,'  published  in  the  Jour- 
nal of  Philology  for  1895-6,  \'ol.  24,  p.  76,  T.  Xicklin  inciduntally 
s;igs;L-sts  that  it  may  ha\e  l)eeu  at  the  end  of  each  ]irytany  that 
the  tribe  t"  sit  next  was  determined.  Tliis  view  I  think  correct 
and  by  a  compari'^on  of  the  followiiig  i)assage.s  (all  I  can  find  bear- 
ing on  the  matter)  will  attempt  to  ])rove  it  to  be  so. 

C.  I.  A.    I,    37.      f)([(T€V€]yKiTw    8k    TavTu    €s   [toi^]   Srjfxov   [17    Aty7;]is 

7r[^jjDTa[vet']a   eVaruyKts   e7r€t[Sui/ ]  arpn  .   .   .  f's  Tptrrjv  rffjitpnv 

[TrpaiTJoi/  />i€T[a  Ta  itjpd. 


Time  at  which  Prytany  teas  Allotted  to   Tribe.       21 


76,  West- 
lie,  Leipz. 
orf,  Leipz. 

lecided  the 
■es  without 
obable  that 
ich  the  sec- 
ccordingly, 
le  matter  of 
order  of  the 

literature  to 
,vas  decided 

1/(11  TTtpt  airov 
th.  Pol.  43  : 
{^(omi',  ai  ju-tf 

I  V(TTtpaL  TTCVTC 

mean  that 

owed  in  the 

KAvs  i)lain- 

11;  the  fifth, 

ot  have  any 

tribes  in  the 
In  an  arti- 
n  the  Jour- 
in-idt-'ntally 
lylany  that 
link  correct 
n  find  bear- 

[V   Aivr;]ts 
tpiT7]V  i]iJ.ipav 


This  reading,  given  b\'  a  new  fragment  jniblislied  by  U.  Koeh- 
ler,  in  Herme.s,  1896,  p.  146,  removes  any  difficulty  that  might  l)e 
connected  with  the  reading  in  the  C.I  A. 

C.I.  A.  I,  40.  eVeiSav  €(T€A[^>;  17  7r]pi"[T<jtv]€t'(i  17  htvT[ipii\.  This  is  a 
compound  decree  :  the  .second  decree  was  passed  during  the 
second  prytany,  Kekropis,  and  dealt  with  the  question  transferred 
to  it  by  the  first  prytany.  Had  it  not  been  customary  for  the 
second  prytany  to  be  unknown  during  the  term  of  office  of  the 
first  prytany,  it  is  strange  that  Senrepa  was  not  re])laced  by  KtK/joTrts. 
That  the  secretary  who  posted  up  the  decree  felt  no  scrujiles  in 
regard  to  changing  a  matter  of  ])hrase()logy  to  suit  the  fashion  of 
the  year  in  which  he  held  office,  nuiy  be  a.scerlained  irom  C.I. A. 
IV  2,  lb,  in  which  it  is  to  be  noticed  that  the  deme  of  the  eVto-rttTT/s 
was  added  to  the  decree  bj'  the  secretary  who  had  it  jtosted  uji ; 
for  in  this  year  alone  before  378-7  E  C.  was  it  customary  to  give 
the  deme  of  this  officer.  On  the  other  hand,  that  the  decree  he 
posted  up  was  written  out  when  passed  and  coi)ied  when  inscribed 
on  the  stone,  is  clear  from  the  same  inscrii)tion  ;  for  in  it  the 
Hellenotamiai,  although  in  403-2  B  C.  they  no  lonj^cr  e.\isted, 
ari'  required  to  give,  indcL-d.  are  su])posed  to  ha\e  given,  the 
mone}-  to  ])ay  for  the  setting  up  of  the  stone. 

C.I.  A.  II,  12.  [SJovi/at  hi  T?;[i/]  \p\jj(^ov  Tors  7r/jVTai'ets  TOv<i  /xera] 
[rr/vj  'Ep£^^r;/8[a  TrpvTavf.vovTa^  tV  tij  Trpwrry  eKKJAv^rrta  7r«[/jt  tovtmv  -  -  -] 

C.I.  A.  II,  54.  [eVi  Trj'i  '  A/ca]/X(U'Tt'So';  S£i'r£Vja[s  7rpur.ir£(.a]s.  -  -  - 
^^TpLJuKOiTTr)  Trj'i  7rpi'r[ai'£tas].  -  -  -  rijv  6i  \pi](^ov  hovvai  7r£p[i]  hvtov 
Toi's  TT pvT avwi  Tov<i  \^iJ.(.Ta\  TtjV  '  AK(i/X(ii'Tt'6a  7rp)'rai'[£u']oi'ras  tr  r>}]i  7r]/jo'jrr; 

C.I.  A.  IV  2,  229c.  Toi's  [Se  Trp^vTavw;  tov^  //.era  Tijy  '  Ai'Tto[;^]tSa 
7rpvTav(.i'0VTa<;  hovvm  vepl  avrov  tijv  \lnj<^o\>  tl<;  t'ijv    TrpuiTifV  £KK/\.ry(rtav. 

C.I.  A.  II,  243.  Toi'S  6e  7r/3i'rur£ts  roi's  ti;i'  £t(rioi'(n;.i'  TvpvTavtiMv  irpv- 
Tavcuovras  Sovi^ut  rrepi  avrov  rrjv  i/'j/<^oi'  toi  ^ypw  tli  tIjv  Trpiitriji'  cKKXrjcriav. 

C.I. A.  IV  2,  252e.  [kui  Sovrrii]  Tripi.  hvtov  Tjyr  {Ijij(^ov  tois  7r[p]i'- 
Tui/£t[s   ot  av   Tvy;(tti/oj]tn  iTpvTavtvovT(.<;  /x£T[a  r//Ji'  0Linj\j6a  (pvXi'jv ,  KitTJa 

TOV  VOflOV. 

C.I.  A.  II,  273.  [tovs  8e  TrpvTOLVtL'i  tov^;  t?/]i'  d(nov<Tnfnrp[^x<Tavunv^ 
[TrpvTavtvovTa<i  Sovvai  T^rip.\(/rjcl>ov  Tw  8>)[jU.(j  £i's  Tyv  TrpiiiTyv  fKKXrjiTuLV^. 


■H 


22 


The  Athenian  Secretaries. 


C.I.  A.  IV  2,  273c.  [Trepi  8e  ToJv  8o)p£uJi/  SoCrrti  t^]v  \\n\i^\ov  Tovs] 
[Trpvrdreis  tous  T'^i'  etrrtoiJcrav  7rpujTai/[€iav  TrpuTavevovTus] . 

C.I. A.  II,  309.  To[i)s  8e  TrpvTai'cis  ot  u.v  Tuy];^ai/oKrii/  -npvTavtvovr^i.^ 
\hovviXi  TTjv  il/rjifiov  TTipi   T^]s  8(i)p£as    eVetSai'    (inKv\^pin6 rj ,    tltrayaytiv   StJ 

[ttjI'  SJoKl/ittfTiaV    TOV<S    ^£Cr/x[o^CTaS    £t1    TO    TTfiUtTOV    SlKaorJTypiOV    KUTO,    TOl/S 

vd/u,o[vs]. 

C.I. A.    II,    312.       ['E]n-t   AioTt'/Liou    ap;^oi'Tos    eVi   t[:7S    ITjaf vjStovt'Sos 

©[(ujScKttTjyS     7r/C»)[Ta]v£(,aS    -    -   -    -  .         SKl/JO^O/atlJJVO?     CKTEI      [/U.]£T'£lK[a]8uS, 

TrtfiTTTCL  Kal  €(i)KO(TT[e]l  t^s    Trpvravet'as .  tov<;  6t   TrpvTavtt^  di  av 

[vjfjCjTOv  Xd)((i)<riv   TrpvTuviv(.iv  8[oJi'i/at   7r£pi   avTov    tijv  {j/rjcjiov  £is  [t"]^/*" 

TTpiDTrjV   eKK\r)(TULV. 

C.I.  A.  II,  119.  [^iTTiiif-XtiaOdi  SJe  aiToi' -  -  [roi']?  7rpi,'rat'[£is  orriv£s] 
[av  X(ij)((i>(Tiv  tt[£t  oTTtus  av  (xvraJ  (r]w7r[p]dr[rojfri   ou  ui'  SsT^ratJ. 

If  we  compare  tliese  with  the  fonnulae  used  to  convey  instruc- 
tions to  tlie  proedroi,  whom  we  know  to  liave  been  elected  by  lot 
just  bef(3re  assuming  office,  tlie  inference  su.uge.sted  above  seems 
to  me  to  be  forced  upon  us. 

C.I.  A.    II,    318.      [dyu^ft    Ti';(£i    Si8('))(9aL  tij    fSovXij^    tov<;    irpo- 

top\ov<;  01  uv  Ad^wcrii'  irpotSpeveLv  iv  Twji  St//a<{)£is  ttjv  [cViovfruv  iKKXrjCTLavj 
[oTav  f'tr/KJoKriv  at  tV  tov  |/[d/u,oi)  rjixepai  xprjfJinTuua  irept  toi'twi'],  yviiyfirfv 
06  ti'/^i[/3dAA.£frftit  T^s  fSovXrj';  £i?  Tov  8>}/[x,o]i'  oTt  SoKfi  T£t  l3[ovXti  imuvaTai] 
[^Tp<'>p.j3L)^ov  Kut  (TT]£(^(iviiJ(rn,i  )(^p\<\_(T(L  (TTCt^dvo)  (Itto  -  8pa;^/xa)v  dpeT»}]s 
€V£Ka  Kixi  (^[iAoTt/X6as  T^s  £1?  TOV  Sijfjiov  '  emtt  8]€  avTov  '  A6r)v[alov  Kal  Toi's] 
[cKydi/ovs  ai'TOV  kui  ypdji/'afrfttt  <)f)vX^[s  Kal  8>//ixov  Kui  (^paTpia<i  r;s  di/  ^ouA-] 
[i/TaJt  KUTO.  TOV  vd[/j.ov,  Tous  8€  7rpTTttV£t?  Soi'vat  ntpl  ai'JToi'  Tr/i'  i//^(/)[ov] 
[fi?  t:^v  TvpMTTjV  iKK\r)(Tiav,  Tous  8£  ^£(r]/xo^eT[(is  £t(rayay£tv  avT(3  ttjv^ 
L8oKi|U,ao"tttV  T^s  8wp£d]5  [oTav  tt/jiotov . 

In  this  resolution  of  the  senate,  it  seems  to  me  that  it  would  be 
straining  the  passage  very  much,  to  make  tovs  7rpvTdv£is  refer  to 
any  other  prytanes  than  those  in  office  ;it  the  time. 

So  in  C.I.  A.   IV  2,  231b.      'Etti  KrjfjjuroSujpov  u/j^oi'tos  iirl  [t^s  •  •  •  ] 

[ Tre'JvTTTi^s  vrpuTavftds,  ij  [Ei'JkA  [^s  rijv[^o8o)pov  '  AAo)7r£Kj}^£]v 

iypajxp,a.T(.v(.v  '  noo-i8£a)vo[s]  « [^t?;  (ttI  8eKa,  8£VT£p](i  Kal  clKoaTei  ttjs  Trpvra- 

V£i«[s] .   [8or'vat  Sf  Tr;v  t//^]</>ov  toJ    Siypuj  Trept    t^S    7roA(.T£[tus  Toi's] 

[TTpvTavfis  t]^s  n(iv8tovt8os  £[i]?  Ti]v  irpwTrjv  iKK\r][(Tiav  Kara  Toe]  vo/xov. 

Before  commenting  on  this  decree,  further  than  to  state  that  it 


Time  at  ivJiich  Prytany  ivas  Allotted  to   Tribe.       23 


)V   Kara  jov% 


aiul  all  those  quoted   a])ove,  with  the  exception  of  C.I. A.  i,  37 
and  40,  refer  to  donations  of  citizenship,  I  wish  to  cite  (Deni.)  59, 

P-  1375- 

■!rpo)Tov  fJifV  yap  ro'/xos  iarl  tw  ^ijfiw  /<«i)li£vos  /jlt]  i^imu  iroiyjiTaiTdaL 
'' hdrjvalov  oV  av  fJ.ij  St'  dv&payaduiv  ds  tov  6rjp.ov  rbv  '  AdrjvauDV  a$Lov  >J 
yivurOiU  iroXLTrjv.  tiruT^  iiruhav  Treicrdtj  6  Brjp.o';  Kal  6a>  tyjv  Sotptav,  oi'k  ia 
KvpMV  ytvicrdai.  rrjv  Trotr^rnv,  iav  p.ij  rfj  ij^rjcjui}  cis  rrjv  tViov'trcxj'  eKK/Xr/frtaf 
VTrtpc^aKi(T)(LXtoL  '  Adrjviuwv  ij/rf<f)i(TwvTai  KpvfSh-qv  ipr]4>il6p.evoL.  Tois  Se 
TrpvTdvii<;  Ki.\tv€t  TiBiviu  Tov<i  kuSlctkov;  6  vo/xos  Kal  ttjv  il/rj<f>ov  8i66vai 
irpocnovTL  t<2  Srjfiw,  irpiv  tous  ^eVous  eifrieVai  khI  to.  yeppti  avdipilv,  iva 
Kv/Dtos  oji/  avros  avTov  tKacrros  (TKOTT^rat  Trpos  (iutoi/  ovtivu  p.iWei  ttoXittjv 
TrOLi]crt<T0at,  tl  a^tds  icrri  Tr]<;  Sojpeas  6  pLiWwv  Xyjij/tcrOai. 

From  this  it  is  evident  that  ryv  Tpunriv  eKKkyjaiav  is  identical  witli 
Ti]v  emova-ai'  iKK\r](Ttav,  This  being  the  case,  we  have  no  ojUion 
but  to  restore  nai/Sioi/t'Sos  in  the  lacun.i  in  the  preamble  of  C.I.A. 
IV  2,  231b;  for  there  were  still  thirteen  days  of  the  prytany  to 
elapse,  and  during  this  period,  even  if  no  special  convocaticjn  of 
theekklesia  was  held,  one  of  the  four  regular  meetings  mentioned 
by  Aristotle  must  have  taken  place.  Koehler,  however,  restores 
'AKa/xavrtSos,  seemiugh'  for  no  other  reason  than  that  Ilai/Stoi/is  is 
mentioned  farther  down  in  the  decree. 

It  is  obvious  that  the  meeting  at  which  the  people  were  to 
vote  by  ballot  must  often  have  been  held  betore  the  term  of  the 
prytany,  in  which  the  matter  was  first  considered,  had  expired. 
To  cover  these  cases  the  following  formula  was  used. 

C.I.A.  II,  loS.  [xut  Sovrai  Tr/r]  ifnjtfiov  Trepl  avrov  tov<;  TrpvTixvWi  iv 
Tij    [Trpu)Tr]   iKKXrjCTLa  J . 

C.I.A.  II  Add.,  115b.  TOt'?  8c  7rp[i'T]aj'«i[s]  8ovvaL  Trepl  avrov  TrjV 
[if/^ij/ojv  Tw  [8]>//ix<{)  £is  Ti]v  irpwTTjv  £'KK/\[r;fr]tui'. 

C.I.A.  II,  154.  [tov's  TrpuTui'tti  -  -  SoiTut  TTtpt]  al'Tov  [^Trjv  i//^<^ov  tuJ] 
[Sr/jixweis  Tr]v  TrpwTj^Jv  €KKA>;o-[tai']. 

C.I.A.  II,  187.  [toiis  Se  irpvTav^iiS  r/Js  'l7r7ro6[aji/Tt8os  Soitui  Trcpi] 
[auToC  t]^[v]  ijnj<f>ov  CIS  ■'■[^v  7rpwTr/v  iKK\r}(TLav^. 

C.I.A.  II,  223.  [Sowui  -  -  TT/v  i/o}</>ov  Toiijs  7rpvTave[is  -  -  eji?  T^v 
«7ri[ovcrav  fKK\r)<Tiav]. 


24 


77-!^  Athenian  Secretaries. 


C.I.  A.  II,  228.  Tov<i  h\i  iTpvTavti<i  rr}<i  ^  Pi.'\vTio')(Lho<i  hovviL\j.  iripi  avTOv\ 
[toj  8i;]/xa)  Trjv  {frrj^'ov  €t[?  tjjv  TrpwTrjv  fKK\rf\m'.av. 

CI    A.    II,    229.        [tOUS  TT/JtiTttVeiS  -  SotVUl  -  TTCpi    UVTwJv  T^V  [(//^<^0V   tisj 

[tt/v  irpwT-qv  iK^K\rj(Tiav. 

C.I.  A.  II,  23c;.  [tovs  8«  7rp]vTai/£[is  t^s 'Itttto^wi'TiSos  Bovvai  Trepji 
aiT[oS  T^v  (/^0ov  £1?  TT/i'  -irptnT-qv  eKKA7y]fna[i/]. 

It  i.s  iiKult:  pnihablc  by  the  preamble  that  Hippothoiiti.s  was 
fourth  in  tlic  i)rytany  in  this  year  (334-3  B.C.  ).  The  dating  ol 
C.I  A.  II,  739  is  nUo^ether  too  uncertain  to  present  anj'  obstacle. 

C.I. A.  II,  272.  Toi's  8t  TrpvTdvw;  rrj<i  'l7r[7ro]^o>vTi'8os  Bovvat  irtpX 
avTov  rrjv  [(//]^(^oi/  rtp  Srjfiw  dtnrrrji'  irpMr-qv  eKK\r]<Ttiiv. 

C.I.  A.  II  A(hl.,  273)).  "oi's  Sc  [^Trpvrdvwi  Sovvtu  irtpl  avrov  ~rf\v 
il/rj(f>ov  ei[s  TTjv  irpwrrjv  eKK\r;a"tavJ . 

C.I.  A.  II,  320.  Toi'S  S[€  TrpvrdvWi  toi's  7rptir]ai'£u[o]i'7as  8ov[v]a[i] 
[Trjepi  hvt[^ov  rrjv  t/^t^oi']  -  -  -  . 

C.  I.  A.  IV  2,  366b.  SoiTui  8k  7r[£pt  avTov  "J/v]  \pi}<^ov  tovs  Trpuraveis 
ev  ret  7rpii)[r£t   c'KKAr^frt'Ja. 

See  aKo  CI.  A.  iV  2,  229'!,  I.  15  ;  II,  288,  300  ;  IV  2,  300I)  ;  II, 
31S,  361,  397,  401. 

C.I. A.  II,  51  might  ^cem  to  i)resent  a  difficulty,  but,  in  reality, 
is  strongly  confirmatory.     The  preiiml)le  runs  as  follows  : 

['Etti  A]v[fn](r"parou  dp'^ov'o^  (it\  [tt;?  •  •  •]  " 
[  .  .t8]oi;  htK<i—f)<i  7r/;v-fii/£[t](ts  [/)]  '  K[^]»;[k  .]  - 
[  .  .  .  7ra]t[  .  .  .      <»]  "  A^;;i'te[i'js   eypuyu,/xar£[i,'£]  - 
[1/  •  rtoi/  TTpitihpitiv^  £[7r£]i/'>/[0i]^[£  Ei''uy]y[£/\oi;  -  -  'c'j 

(corona)  (corona) 

[.  .  .  t]8tos  £nr£i'  ■  Trepi  utv  01  Trpcrr/iei;  o[i] 
[Tra/ofi]  Atoi/i'[fr]iou  »y'KO»'[T£]?  A£'yov(ri[i'J,  8£8[o;^]  - 

[Bta  rrf\i  jiovK,] ""["]" 

[oil?  Sc  7r/jv'"ai£]t?  ["o'*']?  ["'/'>  '  E]p[£;^^/y('8os  ■^o^  - 
\yvia  'yv  \pij(i>ov  Trcjpt  [nvroi} . 

luichtlieis  in  the  second  last  line  is  due  to  Fauvel,  who  read  p 
on  the  stoi;e,  and  this  is  accepted  by  Koehler.  It  must  be  noticed 
that  there'  is  one  space  tuo  few  in  the  preamble  to  allow  us  to  re- 
store 'Y^ptxOrjl.^o'i.     Nevertheless,  it  slnnild  be  restored  ;  for  in  the 


[i  TTtpl  av'TOt  J 
V  [i//^</)ov  cis] 

ythontis  was 
le  dating  ot 
my  obstacle. 

o?    Sot'vai   TTCpl 

ipl    alrov    -r)]v 

vTa<;   8ot'[v]a[i] 

Toi)S  irpvrdvu'i 

\'  2,  300I)  ;   II, 

lut,  ill  reality, 
()\vs  : 


who  read  p 

list  be  noticed 

How  us  to  re- 

tl  ;  for  in  the 


Time  at  which  Pry t any  was  Allotted  to   Tribe.       25 

preanil)le  as  given  in  the  Corpus  there  are  l)Utthircy  letters,  while 
in  liie  rest  of  the  decree  there  are  thirt\--one,  thougli  the  whole 
inscription  is  written  (ttoix»?8oi/.  If  all  the  lines  had  an  equal 
number  of  letters,  ICrechtheis  would  exactly  fit  the  lacuna.  Fur- 
ther, the  decree  was  pas.sed  in  the  la.st  prytany  of  the  year.  It  is 
clear  from  C.I. A  11,  312  (see  p.  22)  that,  during  this  prytany,  the 
lot  had  not  j'et  been  cast  to  determine  the  tribe  to  sit  first  in  the 
following  year.  The  Pseudo-Demosthenes  states  that  the  vote 
by  balltjt  was  to  be  taken  in  regard  to  the  donation  of  citizenship 
at  the  '  coming  meeting  of  the  people.'  Tiiis  would  be  utterly 
impossible  were  the  prytanes  of  Erechthcis,  who  are  required  to 
see  that  tliis  is  done,  other  than  those  in  the  prytany  at  the  time  ; 
f(;r  the  first  prytany  of  the  following  year  (36S-7  B  C. )  was  not 
Erechtheis,  but  Kekropis  (C.I.A.  11  Add..  52b).  I,  therefore, 
have  no  hesitation  in  restoring  'Epe;^%i8os  in  the  pream])le  of  this 
decite. 

Ill  a  decree  published  in  Hermes,  1896,  p.  138,  and  passed  in 
the  prytany  of  Akamantis  of  the  year  424-3  B.C.,  there  is  found 
the  folhnving  : 

[kui  SoCvttt  IIo]Tu/LtoS(i)paj  TTti/TaKOcrtas  8p[a;^/xas  SmpcLav  c/c  8r]ixo(Tiov^  iirl 

T^s   '  AKa/AavTtSos   €vt[os riiJ.tpwi',   ot    Be    TrpvJTavets    iTnp.c\r]divT(i)v 

[oTTuJ?  tti'  trapad'^idxnv  ot  KojAuKjptVut  "  tuvtu  piv  Ti]p\_fiov\r)v  {prj(f>L(Ta(T6<u, 
iav  8e  Tt  Serf^TuL  IIoTa/xoSojpos.  rj^^  AKiip-uvrl^  npvTavtLa  TTOtr/craTto]  irpocroSov 
utTo)  ev  [tjJ  €KKArj(T('](i  [TrpuJTOi/  p,t6'  tepa]. 

In  this  inscription,  although  the  tr'be  Akamantis  is  in  the  pry- 
tany at  tlie  time  the  instructions  are  given  and  are  to  be  carried 
out,  it  is  mentioned  by  name,  not  simply  referred  to  as  "  ot 
irpvTavtLS." 

C.I.A.  I.  31 B  has  <&al'TOK/\e'[(^]  Se  TTpoauyayiv  Tiv  'E[p]e;^^£tSa 
7rpt'Tai'£tu[v]  Trpos  riv  (SovXev  iv  T£[t]  Trporet  eSpai.  In  this  there  is  an 
additional  reason  for  specifying  the  prytany  by  name,  in  that 
Phantokles,  whose  interest  was  presumably  in  the  colony  which 
was  being  .sent  to  Brea,  would  wish  the  tribes  in  the  prytany  at 
the  time  he  was  speaking  to  introduce  him  to  the  senate,  that  the 
thirty  days,  open  for  making  arrangements,  might  not  elapse  be- 
fore he  got  a  chance  to  explain  his  plans. 


26 


The  Athenian  Secretaries. 


It  seems  to  me,  therefore,  that  the  speaker  in  the  senate  or 
assembly  did  not  know  the  name  of  the  trilie  to  succeed  the  one 
sitting  in  the  prytan\-  at  the  time  he  was  speakinj^.  Whenever 
the  name  of  a  tribe,  instructed  to  i)erform  some  duty  in  the  future, 
is  mentioned,  it  is  the  name  of  the  oik^  in  office  at  tlie  time  the  in- 
structions are  given,  unless  they  are  given  during  the  ninth  pry- 
tany,  when  of  course,  the  tribe  to  sit  tenth  being  known,  its  name 
might  be  given.  In  the  light  of  these  facts  we  must  explain  the 
observation,  that  the  tribe  from  which  the  secretary  was  chosen 
was  never  the  same  as  that  in  the  ])rytruiy  during  his  term  of 
office.  If  we  look  at  the  (piestion  from  the  ])oint  of  view  of  the 
official  who  drew  from  tlie  urn  the  ballots,  by  which,  in  each  case, 
the  tribe  to  sit  in  the  prytany,  and  the  lril)e  to  be  represented  in 
the  secretaryship  next,  were  to  be  determined,  we  can  understand 
the  process  most  clearly.  Let  us  su])])ose  Aiantis  to  have  l)een 
drawn  for  the  first  section  <jf  the  piytany  year,  and  one  of  the 
other  nine,  say  Erechtheis,  for  the  first  secretaryship.  Krechtlieis 
would  then  proceed  to  elect  by  show  of  hands  an  individual  to 
hold  tlie  office.  P\)r  the  second  jiosition  in  the  i)rytan3'  the  lot 
fixed  upon  Aigeis,  let  us  sup[)ose.  Of  course,  no  ballot  for  Aian- 
tis was  put  in  the  urn.  The  secretary  f(jr  Aigeis  would  neces- 
saril}'  be  chosen  by  one  of  eight  tribes  alone,  utdess  we  had  sup- 
posed Krechtlieis  to  have  been  the  one  drawn  for  the  second  place 
in  the  prytain-.  In  this  way,  when  the  tribes  for  nine  prytanies 
and  for  nine  secretaryships  were  determined,  there  would  be  left 
one  tribe  for  each  office,  and  they  must  necessarily  be  different. 

XdIc  a.  Ill  IIk'  year  .}c).S-7  B.C.,  Ur'  tribes  in  the  ])rylany  stt'in  to  have 
been  arranj^ed  in  the  reverse  of  the  olTicial  order, — thus  ( r )  *Antiochis,  (2) 
*Aiaiitis,  (31  'Hippotliontis,  (4)  •'Kekro])is,  15)  Oineis,  (6)  *Akainaiitis, 
(7)  Leonlis,   (S)  I'andionis,   (9)  Aigeis,   (10)   -I^rechtheis. 

KirchholT,  on  acconiit  of  the  Hke  nuni1)er  r)f  letters  in  the  Hues,  and  the 
like  sha])injf  of  the  letters,  is  inclined  to  join  C.I.A.  iv  i,  331,  4,  p.  151  to 
1,324.  It  is  from  I,  324  that  we  obtain  the  prytanies  j^iven  above  without 
ail  asterisk.  lie  states  that  C.I.A.  IV  i,  321,  4,  \t.  151,  is  prol)ably  the  last 
portion  of  the  accounts  of  the  p;rechtheum  superintendents  for  the  year.     In 

it  we  have  'E7ri    rijs /]Sos  5e)cciTr;[s  i^pvra.vivo'ucr\\%.      'Epexf^V^Sos  exactly 

fits.  I  think  that  we  must  su])])ose  that  the  reverse  order  of  the  tribes  was 
followed  in  this  year,  unicpie  as  it  now  appears  to  be.  The  prytanies,  there- 
fore, for  the  whole  year  have  been  restored  as  above. 


Aristotle'' s  Ri'fcrcticc  to  Secretary^ s  Name  in  the  Title.    27 


s  senate  or 
:ed  the  one 
Whenever 
1  the  future, 
lime  the  in- 
e  ninth  pry- 
,vn,  its  name 
explain  the 
was  chosen 
his  term  of 
view  of  the 
u  each  case, 
presented  in 
1  understand 
:o  have  l)eeu 
d  one  of  the 
Krechtlieis 
ndividual  to 
ytany  the  lot 
lot  for  Aiau- 
•ould  neces- 
we  had  sup- 
second  place 
lie  prytanies 
■ould  be  left 
different. 

seem  to  have 
^iiliochis,  (2) 
■Akainaiilis, 

lines,  and  the 
-  4.  P-  '5'  to 
ihove  without 
|l)al)ly  the  last 
I  the  year.  In 
Urjttos  exactly 
Ithe  tribes  was 
kanies,  there- 


Tliere  are  several  inscriptions  (Ualinj.,'  willi  work  done  on  tlie  Ivrechthcnni, 
vi/.,  C.I..\.  I,  321,  ;i22,  ;,23,  ;,24  ;  iv  i,  321,  p.  74  ;  iv  i,.^2i.p.  14S.  MichiKlis, 
in  Mitth.  des  dentsch.  arch.  In.st.  zu  .\then  XIV,  1SS9,  j).  ^igfT.,  thinks  thai 
they  all  helon.i,'  to  ont'  yiar,  409-8  B.C.,  and  tliat  they  should  he  arranu'id 
in  the  order  C.I..\.  i,  322,  ,;2i  ;  IV  1 ,  321,  1  antl  2,  ]>.  i.|S ;  I V  1,  321 ,  ]>.  7  1  ;  I, 
324.  Kirchhoff  does  uol  venture  to  say  whellur  he  is  ri,t;lit  or  not.  \\\ 
restorinji  as  above,  we  show  clearly  that  Michaelis  is  wronj,',  both  in  his 
dis])osition  of  the  inscriptions,  and  ill  lioldin.i;  that  they  all  bcloni^  to  oiu' 
year.  C.I..\.  I,  322,  in  which  Krkro])is  holds  the  first  ])rytany.  and  C.I..\. 
I,  324,  in  which  we  make  Kekro]]is  llu'  fourth,  obviously  c.innol  belong  to 
one  year.  C.I..\.  1,322  is  dated  by  the  arclioii  in  ((19-S  H.C.  ;  tlurel'ore, 
C.I. A.  f,  324  does  not  belonj.;  to  .|()9-.S  H.C.  It  cannot  tall  to  .110-9  IS. C, 
407-6  B.C.,  or  406-5  B.C.  on  account  of  the  arr-m.^jeiiienl  of  the  ])rytanies  in 
these  years,  id  so  KirchholT's  conjecture,  that  it  belonj.;s  to  the  year  40S-7 
B.C.,  is  coiifrnied.  .\s  we  have  seen,  C.I..\.  i\"  i,  321,  .1,  ]>.  151,  is  likewise 
.assigned  to  40.S-7  B.C.  ;  .so  that  a  certain  de,i.;ree  of  order  i.-,  tlirown  into  the 
fragments  that  deal  with  the  erection  of  the  ICrechlheuni. 

i^S.  Change  from  XetpoTovia  to  KXyjpco(TL^.     Tin:  Sioxi- 

FICANCK    Ol'     TIIK    vSKCKIiTAKV'S    Na.M]C     IX    TIIIC    TiTI.ICS     .V.ND 

Official  Hhadixci.s  of  Di-ckkes. 

Aristotle,  Ath.  Pol.  54,  3,   says:     ■n-f)i'>Ttf)0]' iikv  orv  ovto^  yv  xupor- 

ovr]T()<;,  Kid  toli?  ci'OOvorarors  khI  TrurTOTaToi's  i)^upoT(')V(}Vv.  kill  yap  iv 
Trtt?  cTTr^Aais  Trpos  Taf;  (rv/i/jLa^LdLt;  K(ll  TT/jOtCi'tuts  kill  ttoXltculk;  oltos 
dvaypdcfiiTiii.      vvv  6i.  yeyoi-e  KAr;po)ros. 

lie  states  that,  before  the  principle  of  sortition  was  introduced 
into  the  election  of  the  secretary,  the  most  rejiulable  and  trust- 
worthy citizens  were  chosen  for  that  office  ;  llie  inference  beiny;, 
that,  since  ihe  change  to  the  system  followed  in  his  day  took 
place,  the  results  were  not  ahva\s  so  liai)])y.  Now  just  what 
does  the  passat:;e  mean?  In  outo?  araypd<^€Tut  the  allusion  is  cer- 
tainly to  the  name  of  the  secretary,  and  lo  nothing  else.  The  ques- 
tion has  lieen  raised  whether  Aristotle  soiight  proof  for  his  conclu- 
sion, as  to  the  position  in  the  social  world  occupied  by  the  sec- 
retaries in  former  times,  from  the  mere  ])resence  of  their  names  on 
tablets  of  the  specified  character,  or  from  the  social  standing  of 
the  persons,  whom  such  tablets  show  t(i  have  held  the  secretary- 
ship. If  the  latter  be  true,  the  addition,  Trpos  tuTs  o-v/x/xaxtui?  kuI 
Trpo^ei'tats  kuI  TroAtreiat?,  is  remarkable.  It  would  indicate  that  the 
only  sources,  available  to  Aristotle  for  a.scertaining  who  had  been 


a8 


The  Athenian  Secretaries, 


secretaries,  were  tlie  slel;ii  ineiiticjiied.  It  is  iiicredihle  that  at 
Athens  no  other  records  were  kept  :  and,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  all 
stelai,  inscribed  at  the  command  of  the  senate  and  assembly,  ir- 
resi)ective  of  the  content  of  the  matter  itiscribed,  wonld  have  been 
available  to  Aristotle  for  sncli  a  pnrpo^e.  Therefore,  we  are 
bonnd  to  fall  back  upon  the  coiiclnsiou  tliat  Aristotle  is  proving 
his  point  by  the  ])resence  ot  the  secretary's  name,  in  documents, 
in  which  the  mere  fact  of  its  presence,  demonstrated  the  esteem 
and  confidence,  in  which  each  individual  secretary  was  held  \)y 
his  fellow  citizens  ;  and  indeed  this  is  the  only  conclu>i(>n  for 
which  there  is  any  warrant  in  the  text  of  AristotL. 

These  documents  are  stelai  on  which  are  inscribed  decrees 
dealing  with  inlernatioiial  questions  ((Tvana-^ua,  trpoUvua,  iroXiTiua). 
As  has  been  seen  above,  tlure  are  two  ])laces  in  decrees  in  wiiicli 
the  name  of  the  secretary  m.iy  appear,  the  title,  and  the  (official 
heading.  \11  ilecrees  published  I)y  state  authority,  at  all  times, 
contain  the  secretary's  name  in  the  official  heatling.  Therefore, 
Aristotle  cannot  possibly  have  referred  to  the  official  heading. 
Accordingly,  without  an  examination  of  the  facts,  we  are  l)ronght 
to  the  conclu-.ion  that,  in  tiie  decrees  meant  b_\'  Aristotle, 
the  writing  referred  to  in  the  ]:)hrase  oStos  amy/j(i(/>eT(u  was 
in  the  title.  Tiie  facts  prove  tiiis  conclusion  to  l)e  correct : 
for,  with  only  four  exceptions,  all  the  intelligible  decrees  with 
the  name  of  the  secretary  in  the  title,  from  the  earliest  times 
until  the  year  356-5  B.C.,  deal  with  treaties  of  alliance  (a-u|u,/Aa;^tai), 
laudatory  inscriptions  in  honor  of  states  or  individuals  {irpo^f.viai.), 
or  articles  of  citizenship  (7ro/\tT€tat).  The  four  exceptions  are, 
C.I. A.  IV  I,  27b,  p.  59;  I,  58;  IV  I,  39a,  p.  141;  I,  61. 
They  all  contain  the  reports  of  special  committees  that  have 
been  nominated  and  instructed  hy  the  people  to  perform  some 
specific  duty.  The  first  three  deal  with  re-as.sessments  of 
tribute,  and  the  fourth  witli  a  revision  of  the  laws.  After  356-5 
B.C.,  the  secretary's  name  never  appears  in  the  title,  and  after 
363-2  B.C.,  the  first  year  in  which  we  know  that  the  secretary 
was  an  annual  officer,  only  twice,  once  in  359-8  B.C.  (C.I.  A.  11, 
60),  and  again  in  356-5  B.C.  (CI. A.  11  Add.,  66b).  If  it  was 
determined  in  363-2  B.C.,  or  even  a  few  years  earlier,  to  omit  the 


'<i 


Sortition  Supplants  Popular  I\lection. 


29 


ible  that  at 
of  fact,  all 
sstMn))ly,  ir- 
cl  have  l)eeti 
"ore,  we  are 
e  is  proving 
(locnmeiits, 
1  the  esteem 
was  held  by 
iiclusioii  for 

ibecl  decrees 

uti,  7ro\iT«tui). 
L-es  in  which 
d  the  (jfTicial 
at  all  times, 
Therefore, 
L-ial  heading. 
.■  are  brought 
w     Aristotle, 
/IjiifjitTtu    was 
be   correct : 
decrees  with 
arlicst  times 
e  ((TVfXiJuix^ai), 
(irpo^tvLiu), 
options    are, 
41  ;    I.    61. 
that    have 
)erform  some 
iessments    of 
After  356-5 
tie,  and  after 
he  secretary 
(C.I. A.   II, 
If  it  was 
,  to  omit  the 


secretary's  name  in  the  title  for  the  future,  it  is  hut  natural  that, 
from  force  of  habit,  it  should  have  been  inserted  in  a  few  instances 
in  the  years  immediately  following.  Hence,  we  are  justified  in 
holding  that,  when  the  secretary  became  an  annual  officer,  some- 
where between  36CS-7  15  C  and  363-2  H.C.,  his  name  was  dropped 
in  the  title. 

In  this  way  we  have  arrived  at  the  time,  at  which  the  secretary 
was  first  elected  by  sortition  instead  of  I)y  show  of  hands  ;  for  it  is 
evident  from  Aristotle  that  the  omission  of  the  name  in  the  title 
marks  the  era  of  the  introduction  of  the  lot.  We  may  say,  there- 
fore, that,  somewhere  between  the  years  36S-7  UC.  and  363-2 
B.C.,  the  secretary  became  an  annual  officer,  and  hence  was 
elected  by  lot  according  to  the  general  practice  in  the  case  of 
yearly  public  officers.  Now  just  what  is  meant  by  the  change 
from  election  by  show  of  hands  to  election  by  lot  ?  The  only 
part  popular  election  could  have  played  in  the  earlier  process  was 
in  the  selection  of  the  individufd  from  among  his  fellow  tribes- 
men. This  seems  clearly  to  have  been  what  Ari.stotle  meant  by 
XtipoTovLu  After  363-2  B  C.  the  individual  and  not  merely  the  tribe 
was  selected  by  lot.  This  change  well  illustrates  the  idea  that  lay 
behind  the  usage  of  sortition.  This  was  to  prevent  the  ablest  men 
in  the  state,  the  men  most  capable  of  governing,  and  recogin/.ed  as 
such,  from  buing  chosen  regidarly  or  frequently  to  fdl  the  ordinary 
administrative  positions.  To  effect  this,  as  Aristotle  says,  ras  S' 
a/j;^as  ras  Trtpl  ttjv  (yKvKXiov  ^LOLK-qcnv  dirdcrai  Troiov(n  K\r)p(DTii'i .  Of 
course,  the  object  aimed  at  was  to  secure  the  supremacy  of  the 
deiU'is  ;  for  the  less  the  ])ower  of  the  executive,  the  greater  that 
of  the  people.  So  long  as  the  secretary  was  an  official  of  the 
.senate,  or  rather  of  a  prytany  of  the  senate,  he  was  chosen  by  show 
of  hands,  in  all  probabilitj'  from  among  his  fellow  senators.  Hut 
when  he  became  a  state  officer,  to  offset  his  increased  powers  the 
lot  was  used  in  his  election. 

It  seems  that  from  the  presence  f)f  his  name  in  the  title  Aris- 
totle could  judge  that  the  secretary  was  a  man  of  high  position  in 
the  state.  The  limitations  to  the  appearance  of  his  name,  and 
the  uncertainty  of  its  appearance  within  these  limitations,  make 
it  difficult  to  .see  what  useful  purpo.se  its  presence  .served.     It  is 


30 


The  /Ithcnian  Secretaries, 


noteworthy,  however,  that  it  was  over  stelai  Trpos  tu"?  (n'/i/[xa;(t'ais  xut 
irpoiiviui^  Kid  irokiTiiius  that  anaglyphs  were  phiced,  and  observation 
shows  tliat,  where  tliere  is  an  anaglyph,  there  is  nsnally  fonnd  a 
title  with  the  secretary's  ntinie  in  it.  I'lirther.  the  secretary's  name 
in  the  title  is  almost  always  written  ont  in  fnll  in  large-sized  letters, 
the  deme  name  being  rarely  <iniitted.  All  these  facts  seem  to  me 
to  indicate  that  the  jiresence  of  the  secretary's  name  in  the  title  is 
due  eJitirely  to  motives  of  ostentation. 

The  i)resence  of  the  secretary's  name  in  the  official  heading  has 
been  thought  by  some  to  have  been,  in  the  filth  century,  a  means 
of  dating  the  decree.  I  can  find  no  proof  for  this  view.  It  is 
true  th.'it  the  secretary's  name  is  invariably  present  in  the  official 
heading  of  decrees,  and  the  archon's  usually  absent.  It  is  true, 
also,  that  with  the  archon's  name  in  the  jniblic  accounts  is  joined 
the  name  of  the  secretary  for  the  first  prylany  of  the  year.  The 
only  bearing,  if  any,  whieli  the  latter  fact  has  is  upon  the  much 
vexed  cpieslion  of  the  sacred  and  civil  years.  The  oidy  conclu- 
sion that  the  former  yields  is  that  the  fifth  century  inscriptions 
were  not,  as  a  rule,  dated  at  all.  It  is  true  that,  in  one  case, 
^iiyy/xK/xti' are  cited  i)y  the  name  of  a  .secretary  (C.I.  A.  i,  31,  1.  r6). 
That  this  is  the  y/jn/i/AuTeii?  tt}s  /3oi»A^s  is  not  certain.  The  ^vyy fxiffttis 
themselves  may  have  had  a  secretary.  It  is  equally  true  that 
{j/rjffiuTfiaTa  are  never  cited  by  tiie  name  of  the  secretary,  but  by 
the  name  of  the  mover  or  arcliou.  It  does  not  appear  likel}'  that 
we  are  to  recognize  a  difference,  in  the  significance  of  the  pre.sence 
of  the  secretary's  name  in  the  official  heading,  as  between  the 
fifth  century,  and  those  following.  This  being  the  case,  the  fact 
that  decrees,  jiublished  by  private  individuals  or  associations, 
bear  the  archon's  name,  but  lack  the  secretary's,  seems  to  show 
that  the  secretarj-'s  name  in  the  official  heading  distinguishes  the 
official  publication.'  An  examination  of  the  inscriptions  shows 
that  no  decree,  ordered  to  be  set  up  by  the  state  and  of  which  we 
possess  the  official  copy,  lacks  the  name  of  the  .secretary.  On  the 
other  hand,  if  the  inscription  be  copied  from  an  officially  pub- 
lished decree  and  set  up  by  a  private  individual,  or  .set  up  by  a 


•  Hartcl  in  hi.s  Studien  seems  to  nie  to  have  proved  this  point  conchisivelj-. 


Duties  of  the  Psi'phismata  Secretary. 


31 


ibservatiou 
lly  foimd  a 
ary'rt  name 
v.fd  IcUers. 
sfcm  to  nie 
the  title  is 

leading  has 
ry,  a  means 
t'iew.  It  is 
1  the  official 
It  is  true, 
iits  is  joined 

year.  The 
)n  the  much 
:)nly  conclu- 

inscriptions 
in  one  case, 

le  ^Dyy/j(A</)£i« 
ly  true   that 
tary,  but  by 
r  likely  that 
the  jiresence 
)et\veen  the 
ase,  the  fact 
associations, 
leuis  to  show 
iiKuishes  the 
ptions  shows 
of  which  we 
:iry.     On  the 
fficially  pub- 
r  set  up  by  a 


private  individual  from  the  unpublished  state  copy  kept  in  the 
Metroon,  it  always  lacks  the  secretary's  name. 

To  certify  that  an  inscrii)lion  has  been  published  by  state 
authority  is,  therefore,  the  prime  reiisou  for  the  ])resence  of  the 
secret'iry's  name  in  the  oflkial  headings  of  inscriptions.  As  w 
secondary  rea.son,  is  the  guarantee,  thereby  given,  that  ihe  pub- 
lished copy  is  word  for  word  as  the  resolution  passed  by  the  state 
assemblies. 

The  ide;i  might  be  obtained,  from  the  great  frecpiency  with 
which  the  .secretary's  name  is  connected  with  the  publication  of 
decrees,  that  that  was  his  sole  or  most  important  duly.  Such  is 
not  the  case.  According  to  Aristotle  the  y/xi/x/xuTtrs  kutu  Tr^jiTumai/ 
jZiv  ypniJLfidTwv  fiTTL  KvpLos,  KUL  Tu  xpi^f^UrfiaTa  T<\  yiyiofuvn  <j>v\dTTii  kui 
TuAAit  travTu  avTLyi}d(i)iT(u,  That  is  to  Say,  the  duties  of  the  .secre- 
tary cojisisted,  for  the  most  part,  in  receiving,  keei)ing,  and  check- 
ing off  with  the  original  copies,  the  state  decrees,  which,  unless 
otherwise  specifically  disposed  of,  were  stored  in  the  Metroon 
(C.I. A.  IV  2,  45^1),  1.  iGfT.j.  If  any  were  to  be  published,  he 
was  the  official  to  have  it  done. 


It  conclusively. 


32 


The  Athenian  Secretaries. 


en 

W 
W 
« 

u 

w 
Q 

o 

w 
n 

W 


W 


Q 

W 

o 

w 


W 

< 
{-I 
W 
« 

o 
w 

ON 


o 

k' 

o 

•K 

•yj 

X 

i; 

u 

o 

O 

iU 

11 

rt 

o 

4-> 

■-^ 

:-.r 

W 

'(7) 

■T. 

a; 

rt 

> 


11     1> 


rt     - 


!/;     — 


.llt^    s. 


rt 


o  .-s 


be    u 
a;    5 


.c 

■^ 

OJ 

4~> 

r. 

rH 

fr 

4-> 

<i; 

rt 

'A 

^ 

•^ 

-! 

<l» 

W) 

r*; 

?: 

O 

u 

^- 

O 
1) 

o 


OS 


o" 

1-1 


rt 

"0 


CI 

i^ 


o 


liO 


o^      0    r  o  ' 

,    LO     .Or:;      .     -I 

S      ,0     -  "C    C)  v£)   r^  ►-  r-i 

►— (   y^   1— (   ►-*  I— <   I— T  I— I   p— I   <— c  1— ( 


^ 

'Vi 

S 

&v 

4 

a 

S 

^ 

1- 

"  C)  ,5 

c    o 

v»<    I 1 


i<   2- 


L_|    u 

CO  I — I  I*!  »- 

«     :  <  C  ^ 

~-co    ->  o     - 


0:3- 
o  ■< 

fc    I— '     w 

^    o    3 


o 


o 


> 


o 


-a. 
I I 

o 
X 

^§- 


ON 


o  . 

—  O 

"  o 

cf.  --I 

o  . 


(/• 


I — I 


;3  ' 
o 


sr- 
CO  ' 

3      Q. 

^1 — I 

It 


■r. 

4~* 

E    r. 

X                                  t« 

^ 

? 

ochis 

is 
lis 

)otho 
hthei 

lionis 

ropis 

Itis 

ochis 

hthei 

'is 

lionis 

Itis 

iiianti 

is 

ropis 

nti 
ine 
iai 

•—    u    rt    -^    n 

•  v-  0  ^  ^  ^  ^  ^  »j 

—    t-  •'-    rt    n  •-*  •—    1^ 

<o< 

WH   f.,>    ^^    K>      -^ 
MH    HI    >— 1    h*    )— I 

<  '^' <  cu  h-i<1 0  M 

I    I    I    I    1    1    I    I    I    I    I    I   T  T  I    I    I    I 

ton    "    O    C^OC    t^vC    ir)-i-rOM    >-i    O    O^CC    l^\0 


Names  of  the  Psephismata  Secretaries 


iZ 


ON 


(^ 

o 

s* 

■* 

l-H 

,x) 

M 

■V 

"O 

"s 

n 

^ 

=< 

~ 

-r 

^     :-» 


o 

ON 

o 

CO 


(/> 

2    ji 

o 

=^   ? 

— 1 

5r^S 

0 

a 

w 

;i 

^" 

2^ 

p 

"?■< 

3 

CO    - 

X 

l§ 

Q 

n 

i 

W    3 

s- 

..  1 — 1 

1 
>< 

IS 

1/ 

s   s~ 

1 

<^ 

(/I 


-Jj, 


i©-     S 


(/I 

o 


(/I  ^ 
s  .1- 


t/1  . 

: I I 


u 

l-H 

Li 

■■v^ 

ON*^ 

CN  r- 

-t  ^ 

J^ 

fTv3 

1^ 


O 


*-^o 


^^   • 

.  CO 


re 
'O 


?1  f^     •  -^^ 

-  :•  i=;  ^ 

-  T  n  [j  ^ 

CI  01 


ri   ff  .^  ^ 


6 


o 


00 


< 


Ol'    CI 


in  " 


NO 

CI 


.so 


(A   ■ 

o 


o 


(-    =    h  "- 

I 1    X    -"      3 


^1!L  ><    '^ 


t^  I 

p      S   r* 
k     C.  . 

At" 


O 

a. 

"  5"  1) 


C/i 


It.^ 


^-r    :> 


'0  "A 


?  g  ^ 

^    i.  a. 
~  <  < 


X  I — I  f 


— .    !- 

'    ^  :^ 

<;  - 

-  '     (y 
O  ?2 

3     3 

•-      K 

•-    3 
/    /I 


o 

< 

a 


to 


(A 

o 

CO 


CI 


0^ 


CI 


•o 


T;  CI 

CI    K> 


M 


=0 

CO 


1"^  ^->  K-  1^ 

CTN  ■"  ^    lO 

t^  -  X  00 

—  CI  «     ►-. 


■^ 


vs 


lA 

O  I 


^   ?  -      = 
K    i.  -  -3: 

t<  -b  =^  .^ 

-  ,a,  <5-  f> 

-Q.    (A  ^   ^■fi 
•J  ■£      r^ 

;i     .  "^  ■qs 
<     •  i;  -= 


w 


'l    r-' 

O, 

x    o 

"   rt 

a^ 

[;  -^ 

.::  oj 

i<OUi 

D  r^\o  lo 

J^X 

l^\0 

1-  't  -t-  -f 

O  CO  CO  f^ 

r,  X 

"5     •-     '-5 


^   -  o  ^ 

."  c:    _     i; 


ii  =  o  5  i  J5  H;     5  ■-5  "o 


5^J     7r-V7  0  0Nxt. 

/■~  .  ■       lO  -t-  ro  CI 


O    OnX    l^O    lO 


fC    CI       -H 

i.  '    I 

-t-   ""r.   CI 

'■'".  '■';(■'; 
re  fj  fj 


■-co 


P    O^X 

r   I    I 
^  c  o 
'■'■.  <■':  CI 

fO  CO  ro 


—  X    C 

—  ■—    V- 

~  -  ^ 


X 

X   ■  — 

■—    iy 


--  ^  i> 


'.■^"f  T-  7*"  ''~-  ^'  ►^ 

00    l^vc    i/~,  -r  r'-  CI 

CI   CI   01    n   r,   CI   c 
rO  <■';  re  re  r/^  ro  ro 


34 


The  Athenian  Secretaries. 


%  lo.  Official  Order  of  the  Tribes  in  the  Secretary- 
ship DURING  THE  Fourth  Century  B.C. 

It  has  long  been  known  that,  in  some  year  between  36S-7  B.C. 
and  363-2  B.C.,  the  secretary  mentioned  in  the  preamble  of  the 
decrees,  in  place  of  changing  with  each  prytany,  came  to  hold 
office  for  the  whole  year.  The  exact  year  of  Ihe  change  has  not 
been  definitely  established,  nor  can  it  be,  until  more  inscriptions 
of  this  period  have  been  discovered. 

In  the  list  given  above,  the  first  point  to  1)e  observed  is  that,  in 
a  period  of  ten  years,  one  secretary-  from  each  of  the  ten  tribes 
holds  office.  This  is  all  but  demonstrably  true  of  the  period  362-1 
to  353-2  B.C.  inclusive.  It  is  certainly  true  of  the  ten  j-ears 
342-1  to  343-2  B.C.  inclusive,  and  of  the  two  ten  year  periods 
that  follow.  The  second,  and  more  important  point  to  be  noticed, 
is  that,  for  the  thirty  years  352-1  to  323-2  B.C.  inclusive,  the 
tribes,  from  which  the  secretaries  are  selected,  follow  one  another 
in  the  official  order.  This  recpiires  no  demonstration  :  it  can  be 
seen  at  a  L',lance.  The  official  order  of  the  tribes  has  l)een  well 
known  heretofore  ;  1)ut  it  has  always  Ijecn  looked  upon  as  a  pure- 
ly descriptive  thing  :  it  has  never  been  known  to  have  had  any- 
thing to  do  with  an  annual  office.  If  there  were  ten  men  in  a 
board,  their  names,  if  published,  were  seen  to  be  frequently  ar- 
ranged in  the  official  order  of  their  tribes.  But  that  the  official 
order  was  anything  more  than  a  kind  of  alphabetical  method  of 
arranging  names,  has  now  for  the  first  time  been  demonstrated. 

In  the  year  322-1  B.C.  a  new  ten  years  period  was  begun  in  the 
usual  way,  with  a  secretarj'  from  the  tril)e  Krechtheis,  but  on  the 
20th  of  Boedromion  the  r,aniian  war  was  ended  by  a  Macedonian 
garrison  entering  Mounychia.  We  have  evidence  that  the  demo- 
cratic metlujcl  of  i^rocedure  was  not  at  once  thrown  aside.  During 
the  whole  of  this  archon-year,  the  demos  as  usual  attended  to  the 
pul)lic  l)usiness,  and  the  secretary'  contiiuied  to  publish  the  de- 
crees. It  is  most  likeh'  that  it  was  at  the  beginning  of  the  year 
321-20  B.C.  that  the  democratic  forms  were  abolished,  the  twelve 
thousand  of  the  poorer  citizens  disfranchised,  an  oligarchic  timoc- 


'C.I.A.  II,  1S5,   1S6,  lS,S. 


One  Psephismata  Secretary  and  One   Only. 


35 


CRETARY- 


rac}'  established,  and  a  fundamental  chaiii^e  made  in  the  branch 
of  the  service  to  which  the  secretary'  belonged. 

This  much  said,  it  merely  remains  to  make  some  simple  re- 
marks on  the  list  _i;iveii  above,  and  to  substantiate  the  restorations 
suggested,  In  tlie  first  place  it  is  shown  beyond  the  shadow  ui  a 
doubt  that  the  view  taken  earlier  in  regard  to  the  number  of  the 
officials  de.'ding  with  the  publication  of  the  decrees  is  correct. 
Before  363  B.C.,  there  is  absolutel^^  no  evidence  to  show  that 
there  existed,  at  any  one  time,  more  than  one  secretary  with  this 
dul>-.  Between  363-2  B.C.  and  322-1  ]}.C.,  there  is  only  one 
secretary  mentioned  in  the  formulae  of  the  decrees  ;  he  holds  oflTice 
f  )r  a  year,  and  has  two  titles,  ypufifjiaTtv^  t^s  /3ouA»5s,  and  ypu/X|auT£i)s 
Kara  irpvTaveiav.  The  second  is  a  new  title  which  gradually  dis- 
places the  first.  This  is  incontestible  ;  for  it  is  certain  that  the 
person  whose  duty  is  specified  in  the  decree,  is  identical  with  the 
one,  wliose  name  is  given  in  the  preamble  of  the  decree  ;  and  the 
person,  named  in  the  preamble  of  a  decree,  and  in  the  same  decree 
given  the  title  ypa/x/naTeus  t^s  /iovA^?,  is  shown  1)\'  his  tribe  to  be  a 
member  of  the  same  system  of  tribe  rotation  as  the  person  named 
in  the  preamble  of  another  decree,  and  in  the  same  decree  given 
the  title  ypafiixarev';  Kara  rrpvTaveiav.  The  secretaries  follow  one 
another  in  the  official  order  of  the  tribes  they  represent  whether 
they  are  called  y/3u/x/X(xr£ts  ttjs  /iouAr}?,  or  ypa/x/xdrcts  Kara  TrpvTuvetdV . 
Indeed,  the  same  conclusion  seems  to  be  forced  upon  us  by  what 
Aristotle'  says  of  the  ypa/x/iurei's  Kara  irpvTvvetav  ;  for,   manifesth', 


'  Tliose  who  tiiaiiitaiii  that  ypa/jLixaTevs  rijs  ^ov\tjs  and  ypafj./j.are{>^  KarcL 
■n-pvravelav  denote  different  ]jersons  ai\'  obliLjed  to  assume  a  m'stake  on  the 
part  of  .Vristotle.     Tlius  Caillenier,  Dareniberii  et  Saj^lio  11,  p.  161.S,  say.s  : 

Pour  le  7pa/x;uaT6i>r  Kara  TrpuTaveiav,  il  y  a  iiiuins  de  difficultes,  hien  (|u'  il 
soit  a  peu  ])re,s  certain  ])onr  nous  (pi'  .Vristote  a]i]ilicpie  a  ce  secretaire  des 
observations  cpii  ne  sont  vraies  (pie  ])our  le  7pa/UjuaT6i/s  rrjs  liovXrji  (hi  v'' siecle. 
C'e.st  (le  ce  dernier  seul  qu"  on  ])eut  dire  (pi'  il  a  C-l^  autrefois  elu  et  (pie 
r  election  ])ortait  sur  les  citoye'.,-.  Ks  ])lus  ilhistres  el  les  ])lus  di.s^nies  de  con- 
fiance.  Le  ypafxixarevs  Kara  TrpvTaveiav  a  toujours  (jle  liv6  an  sort  parini  les 
])rytanes. 

vSo  Penndorf,  Leipz.  Stud,  xviii,  p.  I35f.,  from  another  ]ioint  of  view  ar- 
gues :  lam  quaeras,  c|ui  fiat,  ut  .Vristoteles  eum  (  i.i\,  ypaufxaria  t^s  jiovXrji) 
neglexerit.  Ac  jirimum  quidem  id  dubium  esse  iiequit,  (piin  revera  ad 
ypaixnaria    rrjs    jiovX^s    fere   vocatum   .spectent    ilia    verl)a,  de  (piihus  modo 


36 


TJic  AtJtcnian  Secretaries. 


the  secretary  wlio  in  Aristotle's  daj'  was  kA7;/-jwtos  was  in  earlier 
times  xe'/JOTovi/ro's,  while  it  is  universally  held  that  the  secretary 
j(£iporovT;Tos  was  the  ypa/A/xaTet's  t>}s  /iJovA^s,  the  onl\-  one  of  this 
character  tliat  existed  in  former  times.  The  title  y/ja/i.ju,ar£vs  kutoi 
irpvTavdav  I  take  to  mean,  the  'secretary  wlio  held  office  ])rylany 
after  prytany',  i.e.,  '  for  a  seriesof  prytanies ',  and  cite,  in  support 
of  this  interpretation  of  kuto.  TrfiVTavetav,  the  common  phrases  kuO' 
rffiipav,  '  d.ay  after  day',  'day  by  day',  'daily',  and  Kara  /x^i/a 
'  month  after  month  '. 

There  was  no  i)ossil)ility  of  there  existing  al  Athens  such  a 
thing  as  a  professional  class  of  secretaries  ;  for  no  individual  could 
hold  the  office  more  than  twice  in  a  period  of  twent\'  years,  and, 
as  a  matter  of  fact,  in  the  whole  period  of  Athenian  history,  there 
is  not  a  singh-'  instance  of  the  same  person  holding  the  ofllcc  a 
second  time. 

As  to  the  body  from  which  the  secretary  was  elected  by  lot  (vDv 
8c  yiyove  KXr)pu}T(')<;)  : — in  the  year  341-0  B.C.,  the  .secretary  for  the 
year  was  ' Oi'7/(ri7r7ros  'Apa^vywos  (C.I.  A.  11,  1 16),  of  the  tribe  Aigeis. 
Now,  as  it  happens,  we  have  a  list  of  the  senators  of  the  tribe 
Aigeis  for  that  year  (Dittenberger,  Sylloge  334  A  ;  Bidl  v,  p. 
36ifF.),  and  ' Oi/r/crtTTTros  ' Apa<^r/i/tos  is  not  among  the  number.     Un- 


eginius :  jiriorc^  actalc  illuslris.siinos  ac  fuklis.'^iiiios  lioiiiiiies  scrihas  esse 
creates.  Sed  velitn  ea  acriter  attendas.  Disserens  eiiini  de  scriba  kotA 
irpvTavelav,  (|ui  tunc  erat,  tradil  haec  ;  wpbTepov  /xev  oi'tos  ^v  x^i-Potopt]t6s — 
vvv  8i  yiyovt  kXtj^wtAs.  Habi'i  i,<iilur  priorriii  sc/iaZ/tx  sm'/xvii,  qui  sane 
siriDiJmii  prvlijuiaiii  miitabatiir,  rodriii  loco  ac  postcriorcin  Kara  irpvTavtlav 
scrihaiii,  />!thliciiiii,  soiic  tfiriitiii.  Idem  maiiifesUnn  111  his:  nal  yap  iv  Tah 
oTT^Xais  -  -  OI'TOS  avaypdcptra'.  •  scilicet  ill  ])raescri])tis  (lecrclonini  exaratiir 
ypap./j.aTtiis  6  Kara  TTpvTa>irlav  oliiii  seiiatorius  liiiii  ])iihlicus.  Arisloleles 
auteiii  utruiiKjue  jjrorsiis  ae(|uat,  nisi  cjuod  umun  si.ijiiificat  discriiiieii  : 
quondam  creationem  in  usu  fuis.se,  jxjstea  sortitionem.  Receiiset  eiiim  ilium 
suo  iure  inter  apxo-%  KKripo3Td%.  Cum  auteni  (le])iiigendam  sibi  ])n)])osuent 
eam  rerum  jiuhlicaium t'ormam, (juae ah  luiclide  restituta  in  jiosterum  vij^ehat, 
dii^num  hahet  adnotatu,  (jiiae  res  liac  aetate  novatae  sint  ;  1. 1  fuit  ille  scriha 
vel  ]iost  luiclidem  per  aliquantum  tem])us  x^'poroi'i'^i  crealus.  Necjue  vero 
meminit  rei  multo  j^ravioris  :  scrihas  ])i-i(ire  aetate  revera  cjuaqtie  jirytania 
mutatos  fuisse  senatores,  postcriore  autem  niaj^nstratus  jnihlicos  et  aiinuos. 
Iiiiiiio  ditohiis  i>ciu'i-ihiis  non  distinct  is  tiiiaiii  quasi  coiititiuam  corn  in  propa- 
gationcin  statnit.  lam  fieri  11011  potest,  ut  siniul  disserat  jjristiiium  seiiatus 
scribam  etiamtum  exstare  iuxta   ypaixp.aT^a  rbv  Kara.  Trpvravelav. 


Officers  of  the  Senate. 


11 


.s  ill  earlier 
le  secretary 
)ne  of  this 
fifiaTCv^  Kara 

ce  prylaiiy 
,  in  supi>ort 
ihrases  khO' 
[\   Kara  ixijva 

lens  such  a 
ndual  could 
years,  and, 
i story,  there 
the  office  a 

d  by  lot  {vvv 
etary  for  the 
tribe  Aigeis. 
of  the  tribe 
Bull  V,  p. 
niiier.     Un- 

scrilias   esse 
scriha   kcltcl 
XeipoTovr^rdi — 
r///,  (/id  saiw 
LToi  wpvravelav 
^ai  yap  iv  rah 
■\\\\\    cN'aralur 
Aristolcles 
I    (liscriincn  : 
(.1  cniiii  illinu 
li  pro])i)suei'il 
•ruin  visj;el)al, 
nil  ille  scriba 
Xociue  voro 
(jiR'  pryUiuia 
los  el  aiimios. 
\'oniiii  firopa- 
iiuin  seiialus 


fortunately  for  the  settlement  of  the  question,  there  are  inscribed 
on  the  stone  the  names  of  forty-nine  senators  only.  (See  E. 
Goliob,  Wiener  Studien  iii,  p.  2i)9ff. ).  There  is  left  the  pos- 
sibilit}'  that  the  fiftieth  was  the  secretary  for  the  year  ;  but,  as 
the  name  was  lacking  on  the  stone  when  set  up,  it  seems  to  me 
very  unlikely  that  one  of  the  officers  for  the  year  would  be  passed 
by  intentionally.  I,  therefore,  hold  that  the  .secretary  was  not  a 
senator,  but  was  elected  by  lot  from  among  the  other  members  of 
the  tribe. 
Two  lists  of  the  officers  of  the  senate  may  here  be  considered. 

(i)     C.I. A.  II,  [14(343-2  B.C). 

[ypa/u,/[xuT]€[u]s  Kara  7r[pvTu]v€tai' 
KXeoo-rpaTOS  Ti/xofr^cVovs  AiyiAtcus 

CTTt    Ta   ll/rj(f>UTfJUlT(l' 

Ar//J.o<^tAos  llavTuXeovTO^    '  Ay f^vXyOev 

€7rt   TO   OeWfHKOV  ' 

K.rj(f}t(TO(ji(i)v  K£<^rtXt'o)i'os  'At/nSvaios 

fiov\.T]<i  Tajxuu 
'Avtik\^s  '  ApuTTOKimTov^   Kvoa6r]Vtuev^ 
A/so/LiOKAetS^/s  &pa(jvfj.y8ovs  'Ayvovcrio^, 
(2)     A.  Willicliii,  Ik-richt,  p.  6  f.  (335-4  B.C.) 

ypafjifiuTtv;  Kara  Trfn'Tavuuv  ' 
TIp6$cvoi  TlvXayopov  '  A)(^ep8ovcno^ 

ypap.p.iiTev<;  tw  Sy/xio 

avaypacf)€v<;  ' 

iirl  TO.  il'r]4>urp(t.T(t.'  ' 

avTiyp(i(f}tv<;  ' 

Tu/ut'as  Trj  fiovXij  ' 

Ta/xtus  Twv  ets  to  avaBijpa  ' 

KTJpv^. 

It  must  be  noted  that  they  aie  ofhcers  of  the  senate  as  a  whole, 
not  of  a  particular  prytany,  and,  therefore,  hold  office  for  a  year, 
riie  ypafifjuiTCv^  Kara.  TrpvTaveuiv,    KXeooT/jaTos  TipocrOeiov;   AiytA.t£i;s,  is 

found  in  the  preamble  of  two  decrees  of  the  year  343-2  B.C., 
C.I.  A.  IV  2,  114b  and  114c,  and  n^o'^ei/os  IIvAayd^jou 'Axe^jSoro-iosmay 
be  restored  in  the  preamble  of  C.I.  A.  IV2,  128b,  1.  2  (335-4  B.C.). 


38 


The  Athenian  Secretaries. 


The  official  Wi  to.  {l/r]<f)L(rixaT<i  has  been  usually  identified  with  the 
y/3a/i/i,aT£iJs  rrj^  /SouAiys.  Tliis  is  clearly  impossible.  There  is  no 
reason  (or  thinkini,^  him  a  secretary  at  all,  anymore  than  the 
officer  cTTt  TO  OoofHKov,  who  does  not  appear  in  the  later  list.  This 
office  was  probaldy  abolished  in  339  B.C.,  when  the  theoric  was 
converted  into  a  military  fund. 

^s  II.   Rkstorations. 

360-9  H.C.  Tile  editor  of  C.  I.  A.  ii  states  that  <PnvTOK\[rj<;']  must 
iKdong  to  either  360-9  B.C.  or  359-8  B.C.  This  being  the  case, 
he  must  belony  to  360-9  B.C. 

359-.S  B.C.  Ket/ndSr;?,  restored  from  C.I.  A.  ii,  672  and  996 
(the  _  V?-  ugly  written  [Klpi(TL']^<; ) ,  in  both  of  which  a  man  named 


^/x»' 


•nie:;  '"rom  this  deme,  exactly  fills  the  lacuna. 


36^~1  ■>'5C.     Tl"'re  is  no  reason  why  ['Ie]poK-[A£t']8r;s  [ ] 


^0 
[A-H]7rrp[£usj  '."   I  A.  II  Add.,  82b)  should  not  be  assigned  to  this 

3'ear.     "'."■■'}  .'■(,    ■  ■,[,■  of  C.I.-V.  11  Add.,  82b  begins  ['Etti ] 

[ d/jxj'jv-oi.     '„  '.:i     arclion    for    358-7    B.C.,    written    thus, 

Krjcjua-oSuTo,  exactly  fills  the  lacuna. 

356-5  B.C.  [lli^Jtu's  :  I  have  accepted  the  conjecture  of  Eustra- 
tiadis  (C.I. A.  11  Add.,  661).  frg.  A  &  B.,  editor's  note).  The 
father's  name  might  be  filled  out  thus,   Avm/iaxov. 

352-1  B.C.  C.I.  A.  II,  io5has[K]aAAta8//s';  Koehler  assigns  it  pos- 
itivel}'  to  01.  107,  and  picks  out  ©I'cAAos,  the  name  of  the  archon 
for  351-0  B.C..  as  the  name  l)esl  suited  to  the  lacuna.  C.I.A.  ll 
Add.,    105I),    has   KaAAid(5>;s   Evmlyviid";  iypafifiajrcve,    and    is   dated 

thus  :  ['Etti Ji  «  ? )  d/JX"i'ros.      Koehler  remarks,    "  s/id- 

jcci  hacc  titulo  loj^,  (juia  facile  aliqids  aniiniim  induccrc  possit 
utrumquc  fragment  tun  ad  enndeni  annum  referendum  esse.  Milii 
quideni  idonea  causa  cur  sic  statuatur  non  esse  videtur.''  If  with 
so  considerable  a  discrepancy  between   the  number  of  letters  in 

©I'e'AAou  (written  perhaps  ©dc'AAo)  and  [ ]s,  one  might  take 

them  to  belong  to  the  same  year,  it  ma^  be  pardonable,  perhaps, 
to  restore  ' ApterroSr/wo,  which  exactly  fills  the  lacuna  in  C.I.A.  11 
Add.,  105b  and  is  no  worse  in  C.I.A.  11,  105,  than  ©vc'AAo  is  in 
C.I.A.  II  Add.,  105b.  Aristodemos  was  archon  in  352-1  B.C., 
and  a  secretar}'  from  Erechtheis  was  due  to  this  year. 


% 


Restorations. 


39 


346-5  B.C.  Peiiiulorf,  Tvcip/.  Sliul.  1S97,  ]>.  197  puts  CI. A. 
II,  75  and  C.I.  A.  iv  2,  i  loc  together,  and  completes  the  secre- 
tary's name  as  above. 

344-3  B.C.  Koehler  dates  C.I. A.  11,  iii  in  some  year  between 
34S-7  B.C.  and  336-5  B.C.  Excepting  the  year  34S-7  B.C.  itself, 
344-3  B.C.  is  the  only  one  available  within  this  period,  the  name 
of  the  archon  for  which  fits  the  laciuia. 

340-9  B.C.  I  have  added  a  deme  to  the  name  of  the  secretary 
given  in  C.I. A  11,  117  from  C.I  A.  ir,  Sogc,  1.  71  (^325-4  B.C.),  in 
which  a  person  named  AT^/ioo-TpaTos  ' kiririrov  Kvdr'ij}l)H)%,  whom  I 
take  to  l)e  a  son  of  the  secretary  for  340-9  B.C.,  is  mentioned. 
The  father's  name  is  a  pure  conjecture. 

33S-7  B.C.     In  C.I. A.  II,  121,  is  mentioned  a  secretary  named 

't>t[At]7r7ras  'Arritj!) In  C.I.A.    130,  the  following 

.secretary  is  given,  -  -  EtJTeiuos.  The  latter  inscription  is  dated  hy 
Koehler  in  .some  year  between  356-5  B.C.  and  336-5  B.C.  (C.I.A. 
II.  p.  58).  The  deme  EiVeaios  belongs  to  the  tribe  Akamantis. 
During  this  period  there  are  onlv  two  years  to  which  it  could  be 
ascribed,  viz.,  348-7  B.C.,  and  338-7  B.C.  I  lia\-e  placed  it  in 
338-7  H.C.,  becau,se,  after  restoring  the  common  name,  Antiphon, 
for  the  father  of  the  secretary,  EtVeaTos  e.vactly  fills  the  remaining 
space. 

336-5  B.C.  s.vTTf.Ttauiv  is  the  only  deme  of  the  tribe  Kekropis 
that  fills  the  lacuna  in  C.I.A.  iv  2,  128c.  The  name  of  the  sec- 
retary's father  [.M£/\r/(r]a^S/joi'  I  have  restored  from  C.I.A.  11,  943, 
in  which  the  name  MeA»/(mv8pos  z.vTTf.TiUMv  occurs  anioug  th'-  Statrvyrat' 
for  325-4  B.C.  As  the  8tair»jTut  were  all  sixty  \ears  of  age,  it  is 
not  at  all  unlikely  that  he  had  a  son  old  enough  to  be  secretary 
in  336-5  B.C. 

335-4  B.C.     The   secretary's   name   is   given   thus :       ITpd^ci/os 

[II ]     I    have  fillel   up    the  lacuna    from 

C.I.A.  II  Nov.  Add.,  5^7!)  (2S7-6  B.C.).  In  this  inscription  a 
man  named  Ilpo^tfos  \\v\ay6pov  'A;^£/jSoi'(rios  inakis  the  motion. 
He  may  have  been  the  same  person  or  perhaps  his  grandson.  The 
name  fits  the  lacuna  exactl}-.  (Since  writing  the  above,  an  in- 
scription has  been  decii)liered  by  A.  Wilhelm,  (.see  above  p.  37) 
which  contains  the  name  as  restored,  with  the  title  ypafjLfjLaTtv<s  kuto. 
TvpvTuvciav. ) 


40 


The  Athenian  Secretaries, 


334-3  B.C.     Ill  C.I. A.   II,  230,  we  have  Mvr;fn'<^t\os  Mi'>;o-ojv[os] 

[ s]  €ypi/a/xaT£)'£.      Ill  334-3  B.C.,  Aiaiitis  luusl  have  furnished 

the  sccrelai"}',  and,  of  the  tribe  Aiantis,  there  are  onl\'  two  denies, 
'S\t\tlnZy\<i  and  fI>uA?;/j£t'i;,  that  fill  the  lacuna  exacth-. 

331-0  B.C.  In  C.I. A.  IV  2,  115I),  a  man  from  Kollytos  is  said 
to  have  1)een  secretary.  Koehler  dales  the  inscription  in  342-1 
B.C.  The  decree  refers  to  the  reception  accorded  certain  ambas- 
.sadors  from  Athens  at  Ejiidaninos  and  Apollonia,  and  commends 
the  jj[Ood-will  shown  them  by  two  citizens,  one  of  Hpidamiio.s, 
and  the  other  of  Apollonia.     The  motion  is  made  by  a  man  named 

noA.i'£xtKT[os 2<^r;r]T(.os.     In  343-2  li.C,  a  man  named 

IIoAi'tuKTos  is  known  to  have  accomi)aiiied  Demosthenes  on  an 
embassy  to  the  Peloponnese  and  Acarnania.  Koehler  assumes  that 
this  is  the  emliassy  referred  to,  and  dates  the  inscription  in  342-1 
B.C.,  because  the  denie  of  the  secretary  will  not  allow  him  to 
place  it  in  343-2  B.C.  The  deiiie  of  the  secretary,  in  the  light  of 
present  knowledge,  ns  little  allows  il  to  belong  to  342-1  li.C.  It 
must  ])elong  to  either  35i-<J  I>.C.  or  331-0  B.C.,  and  from  the  fact 
that  111  the  preamble  we  find  IkkXiytUi  kv  Aioi'L'aov,  it  must  be  dated  in 
331-0  B.C.  ;  for  this  part  of  the  preamble  is  ibnnd  in  no  other  de- 
cree before  33S  B.C.,  and  is  just  as  much  an  anachronism  in  the 
year  a.ssigned  b\-  Koehler  as  it  wouhl  be  in  351-0  B.C. 

328-7  15. C.  liy  assigning  C.I. A.  11,  236,  and  C.I. A.  iv  2,  178b, 
to  the  same  year,  the  archon  and  the  name  of  the  secretary  may 
be  restoreti  in  the  former,  and  the  denie  of  the  secretary  in  the 
latter.'      In  both  decrees  the  restorations  suit  the  lacunae. 

i^  12.  The  Fifteen  Year,s  of  Coxeu.sion  between  322-1 
B.C.  AND  307-6  B.C. 

At   the   beginning  of  the  vear 


■i-o   B.C.,   if  not 


earlier,    an 


oligarchic   form   of    government    had    replaced    the   democrac}'. 
Simultaneousl}'  with  this  revolution  came  changes  in  the  disposal 


)f  th 


tlu 


itl 


le  decrees  ilie  greatly  (nminisned  demos  passed. 
In  the  year  335-4  li.C,  and  a;.;ain  in  some  sub.iecjuent  year,  we 
know  of  the  existence  of  an  official  called  6  dvuypac^eJs.     Of  his 


'This  restoration  was  su.tfgested  to  tiie  by  Mr.  C.  O.  Harris,  A.B.,  of  Cor- 
nell University. 


■) 


The  Rci^istrar  Supplants  f/w  Secretary 


1 1 


duties  we  are  told  only  that  tliej*  were  iirLfxiXurdai  t?i<;  'ivayim(^?)'i  r'ny- 
yixtfifMTMv.  No  such  title  beinj^  found  in  Aristotle's  IloAtTtta,  it 
has  l)cen  commonly  held  that  the  t)ffice  did  not  c«)nie  into  exist- 
ence till  after  325  B.C.     This  view  has  been  jiositively  disproved 


l)v  the   list  of    "  Milelu'cier  des  Rat/ws 


t^iveii     ai)ove    (p.    3; 


The  fact  that  he  is  not  mentioned  by  Aristotle  indicates  one  of 
two  thin*^s,  eitlier  that  his  duties  were  of  ver\-  little  iinportance, 
r  that  he  was  not  a  permanent  official.     His  appearance  in 


or 


.i.i.-^ 


-4 


H.C..  and  a^ain  fifteen  years  later,  precludes  the  latter  alternative. 
When  the  state  of  affairs  at  Athens  was  normal,  the  official  who 
attended  to  the  registration  of  state  documents  woulil  have  had 
ceremonial  rather  than  actual  duties  to  perform.  It  was  not  an 
unusual  thini;  at  Athens  to  appoint  an  individual  or  committee  to 
attend  to  the  codification  of  the  laws.  The  dmypaf^cis  tu>v  rofjLwv, 
accused  by  Lysias'  client  in  speech  xxx,  assumed  importance  only 
through  the  disorganization  that  attended  the  last  years  of  the 
Peloponnesian  War,  and  the  overthrow  of  the  democracy.  vSo  it 
was  with  the  avaypucjievi;  tCov  ypaixfidnov.  Before  the  Laiiiiaii  War, 
he  was  probable  a  subordinate  to  the  yfjufifiartv^  Kara  TTfn'Tni'ti'av  and 
did  clerical  work  in  the  Metroon.  The  oflicial  eVi  ra  i/'r/^tV/xaTu 
was  in  all  likelihood  his  colleague.  Both  are  probablj-  included 
among  the  aAA.01  y/ja/x/xarew  ot  iwl  T0T5  8r)Hoaioi';  ypdiifjuunv  mentif)lied 
in  C.I.  A.  II,  61.  The  i-eorgani/.:ition  of  the  st;ite  in  the  form  of 
an  oligarclu'  brought  about  a  reversal  in  the  positions  of  the 
avaypa^ivs  and  the  ypa/x/xuTei's  KaTa.iTpvTavt.Lav.  Henceforth,  the  sec- 
retar}'  was  to  be  a  prytany  official — a  member  of  the  presiding 
prytany  most  probal)ly.  The  registrar  took  fi-om  him  the  duty  of 
l)ublishing  the  decrees  of  the  .sena';^'  and  assembly.  This  is 
clearly  indicated  by  the  pre.sence  of  the  name  and  title  of  the 
registrar  in  the  preamble  of  the  decrees,  along  with,  and  taking 
precedence  over,  the  name  of  the  secretary,  and  more  clearly  still 
by  the  fact  that  in  the  decree  itself  the  umyp(i(/)£i'?,  not  the 
ypap.fiaTev<s  as  heretofore,  is  instructed  to  attend  to  the  jiublication. 
The  avaypa4>iv<;  was  ill  the  past  an  otTicer  of  the  .senate  as  a 
whole  and  therefore  annual.  He  remained  still  an  annual  officer, 
and  for  the  three  years  of  the  oligarchy  we  possess  the  names  of 
the  three  registrars. 


42 


Tlu'  Alhiiiia)!  Secretaries. 


Year 

n.c. 


.Wiii/r  (Dill  /hiiir  (>/'  /\'/[l; /\/rirr 


/\'f/i'iriici\s 


Trihc  of 
Rcjiislrar 


321-0   (")/j(t(n'KA.r}s"  NnvfriK^'aroi's-  W/jidmos  I\' 2,  229!)  1 1 ,  234.  Oiucis 
320-()  '  A/)X''^'«"s"  Ni'iiK/j(.'roii  A«/(7rr[pti'J>;  IV  2,    I92I),   1920.  iClVclltheis 

319-S 'Ettikoi'/joi;  toD (rt'oii  II  Add . ,  29(;l).  IV 

2,   299c 

During  Ibis  iiciiod,  Uic  y/juz-t/taTer?  kutu  TT^juTfU'eia;/  was  a  ])r\iaiiy 
ofTicrr.  TIr'IV  \v(-'ie,  iherefoiv,  lliirlv  of  them  duriuL;  the  three 
years.     Ol"  thc<c  only  the  fnllowiiii;  rcinain  : 


n.i 


car 


.Willie  and  nciiw  of 
Sccirlarv 


Rrfciriicc: 


7'ri/ii'(f         Trihc  / 


Secretary 


I'rvh 


It 


yia  iiv 


321-0  ' 

320-9   &ti)nfx.ivr)<;  K7j(f>i.(Ti.ev<:      IV  2,  192C.  iCrechtluMS  I'Ireclitheis 

320-9   [Nt]Ko6r//i.()s-  'Am-         II,  191,  192.  I\' Aiiliocliis  Aiitiochis 


[f^jAi;[(r]Ttos 


2,   I92I). 


319- 


Tlie  secretary  ai^aiii  changed  with  the  ])rytany,  but,  unlike  the 
secretary  before  363-2  15. C,  l)el()nged  to  tlie  tribe  in  the  prytany. 

Upon  the  restoration  of  the  democracy  at  the  end  of  Gamelion 
or  the  beginning  of  Anthesterion  of  the  year  319-S  B.C.,  the  old 
order  of  things  was  re-established.  The  flmy/aa</>eJs,  however,  is 
never  found  afterwards,  and,  as  he  would  undoubtedly  have  been 
mentioned  among  the  duriTot  had  he  been  in  existence,  the  infer- 
ence is  that  the  irate  demos  abolished  the  office  altogether.  The 
secretary  again  assumed  the  duty  of  publishing  tlu?  decrees  CC.I.  A. 
IV  2.  231b,  1.  67. ) 

We  know  that  it  was  upon  the  death  of  rVntipatros  that  Poly- 
sperchon  had  the  democracy  re-established  at  Athens,  and  that 
Demetrios  of  Phaleron  was  one  of  the  members  of  Pliokion's 
part}',  who  escaped  their  leader's  fate  by  going  into  exile  on  this 
occasion.  How  long  the  demos  controlled  is  uncertain  :  Init  we  are 
informed  that  it  was  in  the  year  317  B.C.,  atsome  time  later  than 
the  first  of  the  month  of  Poseideon  (Dec. -Jan.),  that  Kassandros, 
whose  officer,  Nikanor,  had  all  the  time  held  the  Peiraeus,  bade 
the  Athenians  receive  back  Demetrios  of  Phaleron  as  eVio-TaTT/s  or 
Trpo(TTdT7]<i  Tov  Br'jfiov.     Demetrios  is  said  to  have  preserved  the  forms 


I 


.' 


Scent arics   Under  Dcnictrios  of  P/ia/cron. 


43 


'/'rihr  of 
h'lXistnir 

Oiiicis 
iMxclilhcis 


,  a  pry  I  any 
>■  the  lluce 


nilw  ill 
/'/■y/ii  iiv 


1  iMcrlitlieis 
AnUt)chis 


,  unlike  the 

lie  prytany. 

f  Ganieliou 

.C,  the  old 

however,  is 

have  been 

,  the  infer- 

ther.     The 

eesCC.I.A. 

that  Poly- 
Is,  and  that 
Phokion's 

lile  on  this 
but  we  are 
later  than 

lassandros, 

laeus,  bade 

iTrifrTaTr/s  or 
ll  the  forms 


of  the  democracy  in  their  entirety.  Whether  the  y/xi/t/iuTci';  kuto 
TTiiVTiiviidv  was  a.i;aiii  elio><eu  iVoiu  the  tribes  in  the  ulTuial  order 
cainiot  be  decided.  It  seems  probable  that  he  was  not  ;  for  duiinjj 
the  four  years  that  immediately  follow  the  exjudsion  of  Deme- 
trios,  at  the  end  of  30S-7  H.C.,  an  oflleiid  oriler  of  the  tribes  of 
the  secretaries  cannot  be  made  out.  The  fcdlowinj^  is  the  list  of 
secretaries  for  the  period  31S-7  to  307-6  B.C.  : 


.Wniit'  and  Prinr  of  Secretary 

(')ei}(Tnnros  'I;r7ro[ t] vs 

KA£iy[€V7;s  —  — 

-  -     A]a/A7r[Tp£iJ?] 

-  —        —  fti'? 

-  -  o)i'os  '  KAev'rtV[io?] 

-  ('J8r;i>  N[(t..,]os      t   — 

-  a(f]aro7roi'[7roJi)   Iiro]Ttt[/i.tos]  ?       II,  J3S 

-  -o]s  'Fa/i,i'0)'mo[sJ 


A'<'/rrf)KYS 


IV  2,    231b, 

1.  ,^,6 

n,  S35. 

II,  222. 

II,  230. 

II.  231. 

II,  231. 

A/jurr. 


o]v's  Wo/Jtl[t£lJs] 


OS 


II,  244.  Hermes  X\',  p.  34-^. 

ir.  245- 
IV  2,  245I). 
IV  2,  24  sd. 


The  first  secretary  in  the  list  Ijelonj^s  to  the  year  318-7  V>.C 
Unfortiniately  his  deme  name  is  incomplete.  To  no  one  of  the 
others  can  the  \  ear  be  assi*;ned. 

Ill  the  year  308-7  B.C.,  Demetrios  Poliorketes  got  possession  of 
the  Peiraeus  ami  Demetrios  of  Phaleroii  fled  from  Athens.  It 
wiis  not  till  the  year  307-6  I>.C.,  however,  that  MounycJiia  was 
taken  and  handed  over  to  the  Athenians  and  full  liberty  restored 
to  the  8r;/xos.  Out  of  gratitude  to  their  deliverer,  the  Athenians 
added  the  two  tribes,  Antigonis  and  Demetrias,  to  the  original 
number,  and  gave  them  the  first  and  second  places,  respectivel}', 
in  the  official  order.  In  307-6  B.C.,  they  for  the  first  time  had 
their  representatives  in  the  state  offices.  To  llieni  were  assigned 
denies  drawn  t'rom  the  old  tribes.  The  names  of  all  these  re- 
allotted  denies  have  not  yet  been  agreed  U]K)n.  Certain  of  them' 
have,  however,  and  of  these  alone  I  i)urpo.se  to  make  use  in  the 
investigations  which  follow. 

'  Mr.  V.  O.  Bales,  Fellow  (if  Cornell  rniversity,  in  his  inaii,i^nr;il  disserta- 
tion, "The  I^'ive  I'ost-Kleistheneaii  Trihes,"  has  jjresented  the  most  ex- 
haustive treattnent  on  the  distribution  of  these  deine.s. 


44 


The  Athenian  Secretaries, 


§  13.  Oi'i'iciAL  Okdhk  ok  thk  Tkiiu'S  in  thk  vSi;cki:taky- 
siiii'  DiTRiNd  Tiiiv  Last  Tukkj-:  Ckntukikh  uici'Okk  Ciikist. 

Willi  Ihf  year  2()'^-2  15. C,  llie  list  of  ei^m villous  nrclioiis  ^^ivcn 
by  Dioiiysius  of  llalicaniassiis  ends.  Diodonis  .Siculus  carries  us 
only  tlirouj^li  tli'j  year  302-1  H.C.,  and  the  newly  discovered  frag- 
ini-iit  of  the  'Parian  Chronicle  fails  us  at  jnactically  the  same 
time  ;  so  that  from  the  year  293-2  H.C.  on,  we  have  to  C(  ct 

an  archoii-list  from  the  stray  references  in  ihe  later  Greek  v\riters 
and  the  names  found  in  the  Inscriptions. 

A  jjflance  at  the  lists  of  archons  offered  hy  Meier  in  his  Com- 
mcntiitio  I']piQ;niphica  Sccumia,  1)\'  Neubauer  in  his  Commcnta- 
tioncs  J\pii^rap/iiiac,  by  Dumoiil  in  his  I'^ssai  and  /urstt's 
Kponymi(]HcSy  by  Unjier  in  P/iiloloi^Ns,  Ilomolle  in  the  Bul- 
letin, and  Schoeffer  in  the  /\i//ly- ir/ssoTca  Rcal-Iincyclopadic 
will  satisfy  anyone  tliat  unanimity  has  not  \et  been  attained. 
Neverthele.ss,  there  are  certain  groups  of  two  or  more  archons 
whose  order,  if  not  dales,  no  one  can  dispute.  Obviously,  it  is 
upon  the  secretaries,  who  held  office  for  the  years  designated  by 
these  groups,  that  we  must  depend  for  evidence  as  to  the  co-  lu- 
ation  or  non-continuation  of  the  official  order  of  their  tribes  g 

the  three  centuries  under  consideration. 

These  secretaries  and  archons  are  as  follows  : 

I 


Year 
B.C. 


.lir/ioii 


Xainr  and  /'>riiir  of  Srrrc/arv 


% 


Tribe 


303-2  Leostratos       Aioc^u^tos  Atowo-oSw/aow  4>»jyou-    3    Krechtheis 


302-1  Nikokles 
301-0  Klearchos 


NtKcoj/ (")«o8o)/uoi)  nA(D6£Ds  \    Aigcis 

iMi'»/(ra^jY[os ]oi'    ri/so/Sa-     5     Paildioilis 

I  At(rtos  I      I 

300-9  Hegemachos 

299-S  Kuklemoii       0£o'(^tAos[Hev]o[</)aJi']ros    Ke^a 
I      \r\Q(.v 

II 


6'''Leontis 
7    Akamantis 


290-9  Diokles 
289-8  Dioti  1110s 

288-7  Isaios 
287-6  Euthios 


Hei'o<)!)(o[v  NjiKe'oi)  AAaieus  4    Aigeis 

AiKmrrpaTos    ["  A]pt(rTo[/x,]tt;;^ow  5    Paildioilis 

I     ITatuntv's  I  I 

I  !  6!^-Leontis 

Naiun/AeVj;?  NuvcrtKu'Sov  XoXap-  7    Akamaiitis 

i     V'^'*  i  i 


iMilUi.  1897,  p.   I  S3  ff. 


Periods  in   Which  xvc  Knoxv  Order  of  Secretaries.     45 

III 

2.SJ-I  Nikias  (Jtr.      'Ifrox^jarr;?    'l<roK^jaroi'    '  AArnTrt-  1 2     Alllioillis 

IV 


275-4  Polycuktos       Xdi/jttjbmi/    '  \f)Xt(TrfjdTtn<    Ke0  i 

274-,'^  Ilicron  'I'uu'i'Aos  lln^^tAor  'O?i0(.v 


7  Akaiiuuitis 

8  Oiinis 


242-1  Kallimedcs  [KnA]Aias  KaAAtaSoi'  IIA<i)^eus  4    Aii;cis 

241-0  5 '^•piitulioiiis 

240-9  TllLM'si loci lOS  Atd8oTos  Atoyi'»/Toti  <l>pta/lpios  6     Lcolllis 

VI 

18S-7  Syinmaclios  'Ap;(tKA^?  0eo8(i')/jov  ©op^'^/os  6    Akainaiitis 

1.S7-6  Tiicoxeiios  7  ■••OiiiL'is 

1S6-5  Zopyros  MeyapifTTos  nJ/j/joi' Ait'(iji/e[L]'i  S    Kckropis 


169-8  Kunikos 
168-7  Xeiiokles 


VII 


'\f.f)M\'Vfji.[()<i\  Wor'jbiir  Kr](f>i<Tuv<i         i      IClVclltllt'is 
^6t\'e^r]li.o<;   '  AaKi  X)ij7nd6ov  Til-     2     Aij^cis 


hlKlloniS 


VIII 

129-8  Lykiskos 

12S-7  Dioiiysios       | 
127-6  TiiL'odorides  ' 
126-5  niotinios 
1 25-4  Jason 
124-3  Nikias  and 

Isigeiies      | 
123-2  Deinetrins 
I  22-1  Nikodemos      'ETriyeVy/s  'En-iyeVoD  Oti'aio? 


-  '  Avd^iKpdrov  'EAtufTtVios 


5  '••PlDlfinais 

6  ■■•Akainaiitis 
7''-()inL'is 

!  8  "•'Kekro])is 
9    Ilippolliontis 

10  •■■Aiaiilis 

1 1  ■•■■Aiitiiu'liis 

12  AUalis 


IX 


1 19-8  Aristarclios     TeXarrrj^  MrjBtLov  UdKivuv'i  3  Paudionis 

1 18-7  Agatliokles     EvkXtj^  Sevdi'Spor  Aifti[A(,'8r/]?       4  Leontis 


46 


The  Athenian  Secretaries. 


Year 
B.C. 


Archon 


A\vnr  iDui  Demc 
of  Sccyctary 


Name  aud  Dcmc  of 
I'rifst  of  .Scrapis 


Tribe 


137-6 

136-5 
135-4 
134-3 
133-2 

1 32- 1 

131-0 

130-9 

129-8  Lykiskos 

12S-7  Dionj'sios 

127-6  Theodorides 
126-5  Diotiinos 

i25-4J''^<"i 

124-3  Nikias  and 
Isigenes 
123-2  Demetrios 

122-1  Nikodemos 


121-0 

I 

1 20-9 

119-8 
118-7 
117-6 

116-5 

1 15-4  Nausias 
1 14-3 

113-2 


'  AvaciKpaTov 
'  EAeiKrtVtos 


[T]'/x  . . . 

Ar//i.(>fri[oi;J 

Ar//x()(rt«['»J 
r  •I'ui'o/'itos  'EAev(Ti- 
-        rio[?] 
(  AT^/xjyT^jtos 

'Airrtas  TptKopiVtos 

Ziyi'O)!/  '  Ai'ac/)/\,i'(rrto? 

[Kjj]0tfro8(i)pos    AuyU,- 

M]u'ui'8pos  •J'tAaSvys 
Ai^ok'At/s  ILttai'ievs 
StoH'  AevKovous 
2oj/<Ar/s  <l>ADeiis 
Er^i'/i-it^o?  ex  Kt^a- 

fxtiov 
AiiK/'(TKo?    Ai^a^jvews 
'  A6»;i/ayopas  MtAt- 
Tti's 

[0£]o(/)al'TOS 


Arjfiy'iTpio';  Mitpa^oj- 

I'los 
ATj/jidc^tAo?  'AAoJTre- 

'ETTtyeVrys 'ETTiye-       AiokAtjs  Tr'p/X£tS?^s 
vol)  OiwiTos         I 


Hippotliontis 

Aiaiilis 
Anliochis 
Attalis 
iMechtheis 

Aigeis 

Pandiotiis 

Leonlis 

Ptolemais 

Akainaiitis 

Oineis 
Kekropis 

Hippotliontis 

Aiantis 

Antiochis 

Attalis 


Ar;/J.7;rpios    Ilepyao-^-  Hreclltlieis 
C  [A]a/X(i)r  ey  Mvppt- 

voiTTT/s  Aigeis 

V  [T]7;Ae<^o? '  Orpvi'cl^x'i; 
A(oi'i'.,-(,os  Ilutai'ter?     Pandionis 
2r](i(r€'(i9  Ko\wv7jd(]'  Leontis 
Z(i)/A]os  <I>Av£i's  Pto'eniais 

I   ^T/jaTOfJu/tos  Hop^'xto?    .,  ^ 
(^  A  tor  I '(r(  OS  2:,(piiTTios 

rtttos  Taiov  W)((ipv€v<;  Oiiieis 
'  ApuTTitni'  McAireu's     Kekropis 

C  NiK'0(rTp(jros  ritipni- 

'  ,^  ^  ^  '  ...        Hippotliontis 

K((A/  -  -piLTOS    Lpot-  '  ^ 


ao. 


Periods  in    II  'hicli  ivc  Know  Order  of  Secretaries.     47 


Tribe 


Hippothontis 

\iantis 

•Vntiocliis 
At  la  lis 
[Mcchlheis 

Ai<;eis 

Paiidionis 

fA^ontis 

Plokinais 

Akainaiitis 

Oineis 
Kekropis 

Hipiiothoiitis 

\iantis 

ntiochis 

iVUalis 

fcivchtlieis 


.igeis 


laiidionis 
-ontis 
Lo'emais 

Ikaiiiantis 

liieis 
ikropis 

ppothontis 


Year 

I  I  2- 1 

II  I-O 


.lir/ioii 


Xante  and  Pciiu' 

of  Secretary 


Xainc  and  I'>cihc  of 
Priest  of  Sera/>is 


Tribe 


110-9  Polykleitos 
109-8  Jason 


10S-7 
107-6 
106-5 
105-4  Menoites 

104-3  Serapion 


2io</>oK[A]j'}?  At;- 
,      /xr;[rp(.'o]u  'I</)t- 


SeAei'^o?     Pn/xfoiifTtos  Aiailtis 
Ar;/x»yr^jios    ' \va^\v-  Allliocllis 

<jr\  OS 
Swrriwi/    OiViuos  Attalis 

'A  Kieclilliuis 

Kri(f>i(Tuw<:  (Gen.) 

Aigeis 
Paiulioiiis 
I^eontis 
'l7r7roi'iKo[?  'l-inro]vLK-  Ptolemais 
ov  <t>ADeus 

Akaniantis 


B.C. 


.Ire/ioii 


XT 

Xante  and  Denie  of 
Secretary 


A'efere/tces 


Tritw 


33-2  Diodoros 

32-1   Lj'saiidros      Fuios  ruior 'AAdteJs    II  Add.,  4S9b.    S  Kekropis 
31-0  Lysiades 
'  ,   9  Denietrios 

29-S  Deniochares  -  -  tjo-TOKAeors  'AttoA-  IV  2,  489c.         12  Attalis 

Awnei-'s 

2^-1    ....W...  i  I  I 

This  t^'idence  is  conclusive.  In  all  tlit 'e  groups  cxcc])t  the 
last  (XI),  the  tribes  of  the  secretaries  follow  one  another  in  the 
official  order.  Grou])  X  is  the  only  one  in  which  one  might  chal- 
lenge the  disposition  of  the  archons.  If  one  does,  he  can  cut  it 
out  altogether  :  he  certaiidy  cannot  advance  any  arguments  for  a 
different  disposition.  All  the  other  grouj'is,  except  \'III,  agree  in 
their  arrangeiiKMit  with  that  given  in  the  Pauh'-Wis.sowa  Real- 
Encyc.  In  regard  to  VIII,  Koehler's  authority  for  the  reading 
of  C.I. A.  Ill,  1014,  seemed  decisive.  The  dates  to  which  these 
groups  belong  can  also  be  assigned  in  a  general  sort  of  way. 
They  are  as  follows  : 

V,  242-1  B.C. 

VI,  188-7  li-C. 

VII,  169-8  B.C. 

VIII,  129-8  B.C. 


I.  303-2  B.C. 
II,  290-89  B.C. 

III,  283-2  B.C. 

IV,  275-4  B.C. 


IX,  II 9-8  B.C. 
X,  137-6  to  104-3 
B.C. 
XI,  33-2  B.C. 


ria.-.rrrr.mrrTnr-  r-i  i   i 


48 


T/ie  Atlicnian  Secretaries, 


It  will  be  seen  that  I-X  are  distributed  with  considerable  regu- 
larity over  the  third  and  second  centuries  l)erore  Christ.  Of  these 
groups,  X  is  the  only  one  that  requires  explanation.  The  list  of 
names  at  the  ri,i;lit  hand  side  is  copied  without  alteration  from 
DiiUctm  xvir  (1^93),  p.  r46f.  It  contains  the  names  of  Athenian 
priests  of  .Serapis  for  the  island  of  Delos.  It  is  to  be  noticed, 
though  it  was  not  noticed  by  the  editor,  that  the  priests  follow  one 
another  in  tlie  official  order  of  the  tribes  to  which  they  belong. 
If  there  were  two  priests  for  one  j'ear,  they  were  both  chosen  from 
the  same  tribe.  (vSee  137-6  B.C.,  120-19  B.C.,  116-5  B.C.  and 
especially  113-2  B.C.).  Just  as  the  official  order  distributed  the 
secretaryship  among  the  triljes,  so  it  distributed  the  priesthood. 
But  the  analogy  is  clo.ser  still  ;  for  in  any  given  year  the  priest  of 
Serapis  and  the  secretary  came  from  the  same  tribe.  This  is 
shown  b}^  three  correspondences  : 

1  (125-4  B-C.  and  124-3  B.C.).  Nikias  and  Isigenes  are 
shown  by  C.I. A.  in,  1014  and  Bull,  xvi,  (1892)  p.  152,  to  have 
been  joint  archons  for  the  year  immediately  following  that  of 
Ja,son.  The  secretarj-  for  Jason's  year  belonged  to  the  ninth  tribe, 
Hippothontis  (C.I.  A.  11,  460).  Therefore,  since  the  secretary  for 
the  next  year  but  one  after  that  of  Nikias  and  Isigenes  belonged 
to  the  twelfth  tribe,  Attalis  (C.I.A.  in,  1014  and  11,  471,  lines  i 
and  6),  it  is  certain  that  the  secretary  for  Nikias  and  Isigenes' 
archonship  belonged  to  the  tenth  tribe,  Aiayitis.  Now,  from  an  in- 
scription published  in  '  k&y]v.  11,  p.  134,  and  quoted  by  Homolle  in 
Bull.  X,  (1886)  p.  17,  11.  I,  we  find  that  the  priest  of  Serapis  for 
the  year  of  Nikias  and  Isigenes'  archonship  was  ^r]^y]rpio% 
'E/a/xun'ou  Mapn^toi'tos  of  the  tribe  Aiajitis. 

2  (109-S  B.C. ).  The  secretary  who  held  office  for  the  archon 
year  of  Jason  /xera  IXoAJkAcitoi/  was  'ETrtc^ui/r;?  '  ETrK^ai/ov  Aa/xTTT/aeu's  of 
the  tribe  Erec/ii/icis  (Q.l.K.  li,  461).     Tlie  priest  of  Serapis  for 

the  same  year  was  'A Ktjc^ktu'ws  (Gen.)  of  the  tribe  £"r^r/i///m 

(Bull.  VI,  (1 882)  p.  323). 

3  (105-4  and  ^^4""3  B.C.).  It  is  shown  I)y  C.I.A.  il,  465,  lines 
28  and  33  that  vSerapion  followed  immediately  after  Menoites  in  the 
archonsliip.  Therefore,  the  secretary  for  Serapion's  archonship 
being  2ot/>o[KA.]>5s  A77/x7;[Tpi'o]u  'I^to-naS?;!  of  the  sixth  tribe,  Akaman- 


Order  of  Secretaries^    Tribes  the  Official  Order.       49 


■i  regu- 
if  these 
;  list  of 
11  from 
[henian 
loticed, 
low  one 
belong. 
,eii  from 
.C.   and 
Ued  the 
esthood. 
priest  of 
This  is 

enes  are 
to  have 
r  that  of 
ith  tribe, 
etary  for 
)elonged 
,  lines  I 
[sigenes' 
bni  an  in- 
l)niolle  in 
Irapis  for 

archon 

liTTTpevs  of 

(rapis  for 

Irechtheis 

1.65,  lines 

Ics  in  the 

:honship 

Lkaman- 


tis,  the  secretary  for  Menoites'  year  must  have  l^elonged  to  the  fifth 
tribe,  Ptolemais.  Bull,  vii,  (1883)  p.  368,  shows  that  the  jiricst  of 
Serapis  for  the  same  jear  was  'l7r7rdi'tKo[s  'IttttJovikov  4>Av£Js  of  the 
tribe  Ptolemais. 

Now,  since  we  have  seen  that  the  tribes  in  tlie  priesthood  fol- 
lowed the  official  order  for  the  whole  period,  and  that  in  three 
different  years  well  distrilnited  over  the  period  the  tribe  of  the 
priest  and  the  tribe  of  the  secretary  coincided,  it  follows  directly 
that  the  tribes  in  the  secretaryship  for  the  whole  period  also  fol- 
lowed the  official  order,  and  coincided  with  the  tribes  in  the  priest- 
hood tliroughout.  Therefore,  as  a  period  for  which  the  off.cial 
order  of  tlie  tribes  in  the  secretaryship  can  Ije  demonstrated,  we 
may  set  down  the  34  years  between  138-7  B.C.  and  104-3  B.C. 

The  statement  of  the  conclusions  arrived  at  by  a  consideration 
of  groups  I-X  is,  that,  wherever  during  the  200  years  between 
304-3  B.C.  and  104-3  B.C.  we  can  determine  the  order  of  the 
secretaries,  that  order  is  the  official  order  of  the  tribes  to 
which  they  belong. 

A  consideration  of  group  XI  will  add  a  clause  to  this  statement. 
It  is  obvious  at  once  that,  at  the  time  to  which  this  group  l:)elongs, 
a  time  customarily  fixed  at  about  30  B.C.,  the  tribes  of  the 
secretaries  no  longer  followed  the  official  order.  Therefore,  our 
new  clause  is:  and  that,  when  next  after  104-3  B.C.,  or 
rather,  as  will  appear  later,  after  96-5  B.C.,  /.  e.,  in  30  B.C., 
we  can  determine  the  order  of  the  secretaries,  that  order  is 
not  the  official  order. 

Groups  I-X — i  c,  the  periods  during  wdiich  we  can  determine 
the  official  order  of  the  tribes  in  the  secretaryship — being  so 
luimerous  and  so  well  distrilnited  over  the  200  years  under  con- 
sideration, there  i.s  ^  prima  facie  probability  that  the  official  order 
remained  unbroken  throughout  the  whole  period.  That  proba- 
bility I  purpo,se  to  make  a  certainty  l)y  using  the  following  list  of 
secretaries  and  archons  disposed  upon  the  assumption  that  it  was 
a  certainty. 


50 


The  Athenian  Secretaries. 


tn 


•75    f3        t; 


CI 


W  -= 


t/5 


■:::  -r  5  .'£  « 


^  c  bo     ^  -v,  "^  t::  5  ■-£?=:  ti  c  tc  u  ^  -^  ;:r  ti 

t-       ^-       r^  vW        ^/v    «-•       >^       »>       „    rr,       *^     ■•«       ^^       r-       r^       !>       w/,     •"*       ^ 


^  ■—   c: 


i;  •--  .^   5   C    :i;   C 


^2  5 


w<ipHh4<ot^w<;<<:Qw<p^i-f 


PI 
I 


O       - 
PI    M 


ON 


►— I   K*  t— ( 


ON 

PI 


o    . 

r^     (— ( 

O      - 

I— I 


1; 

C 


o 

u 


O 


I 


in 

o 


_2 


03 
X 


^ 


< 


A     0 


o 
«  -SI 


-1  '3    (/- 


o 

eg. 

o 

a. 


^0 

-©-  3 


X 

b 


-9- 

o 

I — I 

;^ 

(3 

J^ 

o 

I — I 

;:^ 

o 


-t 


o 


I 1 


< 


<i  12;  S     ©        L_i 


I 

s 

H 

o 
X 

):  I I 

S    a 

'<      K 

<      S 

-  r— I 
■X.  I I 

^     O 

(- 


m<! 


■^   'J 


>^  .i 


5    3 


•r. 


lO  Tj-  ro 
I       I      I 

O   O   O 
to  CO  rO 


o 


■X. 

O 


:=;   ^  O  -y; 
•n  r  S  <1J 


r-i   a;   rt 


o 

rt  O   o 


-  --/^  2 

S    O    J3 


'^       ^       ^^    '~^        J'      ^~Z.       *-M    /^    VJ       *-i  uj  i-^ 

dJ  w  •/:  <— .5  o  ;:  .„  r3  c  t:  .s 

„  oj  "^  c  "t^  H^  .-^  >'":^  i^'  .S  o  o 

W  W  a  S  <  '^  '^  O  E  kJ  S  Q  G 


.2 


llTllllllll,.^.. 
rOP4    w    Q    C7<0O    l^O    lO-hfOM    '-    O    ONOO 
O    O    O    0    O^O^O^C^O^O^O^O^O^O^^000 


"-I   o   0>  X   t^ 

I    T  I    I    I 

>  M    ■-    O 


I-.  c 

^  rt 

T  i 

PI  c 

PI  11 


a 
o 
<a. 

■e- 

I 

be, 
^  ^" 


aj 

c 

u 

1 

n 
o 

c 

s 

•  «-« 

0 

-»-» 

I-. 

0 

0. 

s 
o 

M 

-4-1 

■Ji 

tA 

TS 

V 

(U 

JH 

J< 

o 

u 

<*-! 

p 

o 

tn 

ir. 

^ 

■#-' 

o 

C 

•*-l 

cfl 

Oj 

<t^ 

•  rH 

>, 

S 

>^ 

li 

I-' 

f— t 

3 

(+H 

O 

V 

Ih 

r^ 

nj 

o 

1 

03 

t^ 

u 

1) 

*: 

;^ 

nJ 

V 

v 

JS 

tA, 

^ 

1— < 

'X. 

M 

0 

"■) 

^r 

i^l 

, 

<; 

03 

►-> 

-^ 

■A 

cJ 

T. 

1; 

? 

f\. 

biC 

1 — 1 

Vt 

tiC 

^ 

1 1 

■r. 

K 

(4J 

15 

s 

n 

X 

-4-< 

o 

^^ 

a. 

<i; 

u 

L—J 

1- 

c 

-o 

X 

x 

-e- 

1 

u 

:« 

rf 

« 

•n 

**   , 

oS 

Si 

-b 

c 

0) 

1—1 

k5 

Q 

a; 

:0 

n 

-« 

t^ 

•4 

3 

Psepjiismata  Secretaries  with  Archons. 


51 


tfl 


%) 

■^^ 

r'i 

c 

C 

ci 

K 

s 

rt 

^  . 

<( 

« 


X    O 


t/3 


■T.  v.  r.  .a 


"  t:  X  *-'  =  hz-i'n  -- 


.j2     -^ 


./!    X    V5.S5 


ti  c  be  11  -S  •"  •-  .n  s  J-- 


>;  -e    O    h/!  t^  _s  , 


cj  a; 


OJ    u  .XT 


w  <  <  <  G  w  < 


&T1 


00 


^ 


lOCO 


^        ro  ro  lovo 
<^        n"  m"  ro  ro  pT 


g 


N 


o 


<*5 


<^      >         O 


to 


n 


00 


'^ 


tc 


•as 


« 


S  <R- 


-Q. 


fP 


=^ 


■<Jji 


2:  ^^ 

O    2 


■^ 


;  i  § 

ir 

•   2   t- 
:  3  Q. 

^o    o 


S-< 


Ui 


<ai 


£  < 


<3 


^    5 


i^ 


<n    a; 


I   O     B 

^  H 


W       X  ^ 


fi 


rt  t^  X 


© 


=  o  n      ii  s 


^i-noe|-Scj^2-|     ^o 


OJ 


-i^  .ii 


3  i;  n  ii  "L* 


^.i  g-rt  H 


ji^  V-  i-  o  c  C  J5 


wXoh:^^^^,^^ 


rt       ^'  OJ 


C  LT 


'<?    "O  •*  fO  N    M 


I.      I       I 


r>.VO    lO  H-  m  (N 


u 


o    &:ffi    5 


5^   2 


&K 


op   r^^    irj  _j.  f,^  f^    ^ 


L    I    I 


I.  I    I 


!f 


00  r^vo  lo     .S5 


op  00  00  00  6o^  ^  §>  S;'S.  J^^  Y2:^'^^^  ^  ^  ^^ 


Occ  t^ 


VO       ^ 


*.    'O 


58 


The  Athenian  Secretaries, 


(A 


(T,   '/:   ■£•  •« 

—   X   a; 


r. 


_75     rt 


-^•^-^ 


o  i- 


^  .;£  .i  "  -  _-x 


(A 

■t-i 

t«  5 


•J.  T',    o    *-  "^ 


o  i<  "       *" 

5  2^.=  ^i-^.-:  =  =  S  ji.2'rt  li^.r:  ^.£-.5  =  c  oj  t!-.    ,.  ^ 


•»^ 

»-t 

cr,  c  o 

-■    rt    I-' 


s 
o 

2 

-« 

o 

Sj 

4-> 

i^ 

(U 

^ 

c 

bO 

o 

•  ^H 

Q 

?^ 

^fo 

>0    Tt- 

^ft; 

• 

rj- 

Xi 

a 

\r> 

t^ 

% 

d  d 

rCO 

•h 

fO  o^ 

O    c'-v 

w 

f/  CO 

re  ro 

> 

i-H  t—T 

»— 1  P— I 

1 


I 


o   ;^ 
b  '3 

"     t— I 


"Is 


* 


Q. 


o 

^ 

.J 

?> 

?- 

o 

a. 

X 

a. 
< 

(y> 

0 

R- 

K 

R- 

*w 

;^ 

;^ 

"O 

1 — '^ 

■e- 

1 

< 

o 


2  2 
II 


3      o 


I    I    T 


I 


I    I 


I 


lO 


< 


o 
a; 


I 


0^ 


(A 

O 

o 


o 
"Si 

O 

o 

»s 


o 

CM 


1 

N 

> 

O 
to 

00 

o 

0 

w 
3 


o 
to 

I — I 

d 


(ft 


T? 


iiiiriiii^. 

P«N«SCSC><P<C<«NCNC<CNMCSCS(NP<«SC< 


L  '  I 

Tl"  ro  r^ 
■^  •*  Ti- 
cs   W  N 


(A 

o 
-a. 

-§■ 


o 
w 

o 


(A 

o 

»- 
o 

CO 


o 
c 


Psephismata  Secretaries  with  Archon. 


r        <« 


••-  rt  a; 


O 


O 


00 
O 

O 


o 

-a. 

o 

;^ 
^- 

o 


o 
to 


—  75 


54 


The  Athenian  Secretaries. 


^ 
S 


(T. 


rt 


a- 


t/2 


t/; 


a 
o 


o  o  •;3 


!/3 


'5 


_.      ,     O    _     ri    ~ 
^  .;{•  .S  "^     S     S  .'^ 


S   1^  s 
On 


.IS-o 


o 


c.:5 


I 


o 
w 

> 


O  00 

^  to 


re 


I 


Si 


-1 


N 

2 

a 


o 

£■ 

b 

w 


I  y 


a 


r>-. 


bo 
c 


1 


1^ 


o 
a. 

;-> 


N  M  O 

I  I  T 

►^  P)  >-< 

W  P<  N 


1    I     I     T 

•1  o  o  o  o 

C<    04    CN    O)    <N 


lO  'J-  rC 


N    1-1    Q 


IT)  ■^  te  N 

O   O   O   O 

CS    M    W    CS 


om»  t^vo  lo  T^  to  «s  M  o  o^ 
I    I    I    I    I    !    I    I    I    r    I 

O    O^OO    t^^    lO  Tt-  tT)  N    1-1    O 
O    CT^O^CT^O^O^O^O^CT^O^O^ 


c.:5 


c  =  o 


o 


> 


w 

I — I 
a 

a 


\  0^  On 


13 
m 
>> 

bo 
c 

■^ 
o 

rH 

a 


Psephismata  Secretaries  with  Archons 


Si 


t 

I 

^ 

% 


^ 


% 


"^ 


r^ 

^ 

\r^ 

o 

HH 

CO 

^ 

-^ 

cs" 

N 

> 

> 

t-H 

M 

M^ 

d 

'o-^ 

•1- 

to 

0 

Ch 

*•     HH 

n 

m 

M    "^t- 

-t 

-t 

>^- 

p— r 

l-H 

<N 


I 1  Q. 

<  ^3 

o 

o  © 

vS     1/1 


I 


r^.^         S 


•—(  ►^^ 


.  </*,   3 

^> 

"Q.    3 
O      3 

b    S 

r-  1 


O 


o 

a. 

e 

o 

^? 

i. 
o 

b 
I — I 


n 


!  g- 


O    X 


>«) 


OrC  2      2 

rt    S    ^    ~  .V 

^  S  X  o  ii      o--:^ 


l-l       M 

m"  rr 

^  P-- 

§- 

H 

J 
I 

(/I 
§ 


b 

^    o 

-A.  so 


)^ 


1=: 


O      b 
I 1' 


w 


i3  s 


f   ^"f    "p  1^  rO  M    « 


r 


C/)  

op    r^yp    ID  -f  ro  (M    m 


■^  2 


(U 


LLT?fT'rv'r^T^r^ 


€?^:»?t?^i|  gifc^  ??5i&ai:4|| 


56 


The  Athenian  Setretaries. 


<-o 


ON 


<:i 

_♦ 

0 

^ 

X 

!2 

^ 

1— I 

N 

<H-i 

o'^ 

o 

rC'-' 

i^ 

vO 

-l-VD 

0 

.    lO 

rt- 

M  -t 

b 


r*  i-H 


c)5 


?.     O 


W    a. 


5    ^ 


vO 


■as    g 

§   §■ 

^    2 


1  •Uil 


5="  !C 
CO     o 


w 


•J5 


c  'ji '::;        o  c3  (K 

O      1^      =  •     ti      ^"    rS 


23  o  5 

w-   O   '-    "-^  U 


•r;  -2  II 

^     TO     «^ 


w  CI.  <i  H  Q  <:  t^  S 


'3"  ^ 


<S 


11 


C  M 


CQ 


'H 


I     I 


I     I 


OJ 


lU 


T? 


OOO    t^vO    lO  rt-  ro  M 
■      ■      ■      •      I      •      ■      ■ 


T? 


CT^0O    l>»V 


rON    "-i    O    OmX   J^vo    iO"^rOCS 


ii 


lO  ■*  ro  N    "I 

■  I 


ONOO   l^vo    lO  Tf  ro  cs 


u 


vOvCvO'O    lOiOiOiO'OiOiOuOiOirj't^'^^T^'rfrt-'^Tl-'^ 


m 


W) 


Pscphismata  SccntaK 


ics  7vith  Anhons. 


i 


M 
M 

9 


'O 


N 


^ 


^ 

N 

l>. 

T*- 

1 

fo  . 

n* 

^N  M 

,    ,    f; 

^ 

^ 

. 

•—    w 

M 

«    S 

^        M*  O*  o* 


57 


•s 


I 


o 

§     il 


's. 


/? 


f2 

*  if 

o    s 


» 


-=  ^ 


I 


■Uj, 


u  ~ 


« 


Si  c   =       -5 


m      ^ 


«-•  e-i  W 


-i«:  •/.  ^  i 


~  •.—    n    fS         T"  Iv 


Op    J^VO    lO  -t- 


O30    f'^ 


^    lO  •+  ro 


I 


.--V        t,j  -'.         -^t      —        •-*        IJ        -,/■     »-     ,— .        '—  «-■         ^  ,— 

c>C'r*       *^   ^   V  '^   c^ '71 '^   z:   ^    ^        -^"^         ^ 

•—      «-H  1*^ .  „      '-'      *'      '_r    •— ^    L^      't    ^       -/^  J.      r-'  '^ 


9    O^ZO    l-^\Ci    LT. 


9^X)  j^ 


58 


The  Athenian  Secretaries, 


r.   O       .'£ 


(/I 
n  'Z 


•19 

r.    5 


S 


CO 


-a 


vO 


0^ 


^  'i 


^ 

^ 


I-  I I 


o    ^ 

it-  o 


eo 


"53. 


yi 


P     5- 

b  '•« 

-       3 
I — I  o 


■<  -^ 


a 


^ 


2  ^ 

'55 


.£  S 


/( 


U    i    rt 


t/5  « 

O    •/:  O 

CO  .ti 

§  -7.  ^ 


rt  • -. 


^ft5 


ffi  x  ^.       pL^  Q 

I       I       I       '       I       I       I 
t^v£)    to  -t-  rO  CN    1-1 


^    P 


■r.  ^  '{^.^i    .  -jr 


o  rr   2J  rt  !/) 


o  .t:  .- 


C^     ^^  .^4  .^ 


■-"1  c    —    C-  "    •- 


o  '^  i.    '  .-s 


UTS 


^^•^-^^.X.i^ 


O   OJ  Ji   o 


•/no; 


ii  rC   r,   i!   0   isJO  be 

_n        (•   1        ^iJ        ""f        ."^        1—        L^ 


aK^>^cr.HK;^H5^i1<K   I   ±   rt 


■       I      I      I       I      I      I.     I      ■ 


? 

C^OO    l^vO    iO-t-rO<N    11 
OOOOCOOOO 


MX    I^O    lO 


I 


I      I 


0\  0\  CT\  c> 


(^it dated  Secretaries. 


0 


2    J3 


0 


u 


'O  .s 


vi 


1 


o 

I- 


59 


To  coiuplL'lc  llic  list  of  secretaries,  I  j^ive  the  followiiijj;  names 
which  havii  not  as  yet  been  assij>;iiecl  to  any  particular  year. 


UNOATKl)   SIX" UICTAK lies. 


A'(i'///('  and  fhinr  of 
Si-i  irfdiy 

Ui'/crcmcs 

ArchoH 

-  «pff f}\a<i   - 

II,  310. 

-  r]os 

—   Boi'lAayop  01'  — 

II.  342. 

—   ro[  s    'l7r[7ro  k  (utov  — 

11.344. 

—   '  Af)t(r  T  ().    tj[  .i)\v  — 

II.  345- 

2(iJfrT'iTo|  <>]  'A[^K|'rr 

11.371- 

Tliyniochares 

—  cV  oi'<;  Kt     -   8>y?] 

IV  2,  ■?7ic. 

TloTafUill'  Ao|/[uKOS  ?  - 

II-  372. 

Ilaj^iiias 

n/)OK[A]>/?  'Att   -     - 

II.  373. 

The()i)lienios 

^  AlHiTTO/Vl^^Ot    '  ApUTTO 

II  Nov.  AcUl.,  37^1). 

Lysi.'uk'S 

f")t](>8()(rt(>s  "Ziixxfid  V 

".  377- 

II/jOKAjy«  lltpi   —      - 

II.  392. 

-  p.(.Ta  Pliaiiarchides 

Kt^uAo?    Ke</)aAoii     —q  s 

II,  407. 

NtK[(ii'](i)^      -      — 

IV  2,  407I). 

—   MV    ^ .—    — 

IV  2,  4oyb. 

©eoAwTos       -      —   ^  £1/ 

II.  418. 

nionysios 

'laiTUiV    '  AfiUTTOK    p        -      — 

IV  2,  4i.Sb. 

iJionysios 

—  o)]i'    Ayi'o^t'oi)    - 

II,  430,  495. 

'llpilKXcdtV    Ndl'  —        — 

II.  433- 

.\  chains 

Ev(iv6i)0<;  -     - 

IV  2,  463c. 

Phokion 

The  dates  of  Group  I,  for  which  see  j).  44,  are  fixed  positively 
by  the  lists  of  archons  given  by  Diouysius  of  Halicarnassus,  I)io- 
dorus  Siculus  and  the  Parian  Chronicle.  We  are  certain,  there- 
fore, that  in  the  year  303-2  B.C.  the  tribe  which  furnished  the  sec- 
retary was  Erechtheis.  The  list  on  the  right  hand  side  contains  the 
tribes  disposed  in  the  official  order  with  Krechtheis  in  303-2 
B.C.  as  a  starting  point.  In  constructing  this  list  it  is  assumed 
that  it  was  in  229-S  B.C.  or  thereaI)outs,  that  the  tribe  Ptoleniais 
was  added  to  the  twelve  previously  existing,  and  given  the 
seventh  place  in  the  official  order  lietween  Leontis  and  Akaman- 
tis.  This  date,  229-8  B.C.,  is  the  one  for  which  there  is  most' 
evidence.  It  is  also  a.ssumed  that  it  was  in  200  B.C.  that  the 
tribes  Antigonis  and  Demetrias  were  dropped  and  the  tribe  Attalis 


'  For  best  treatment  of  this  point  see  the  dissertation  of  Mr.  P.  O.  Bates, 
led  at  p.  43  above. 


6o 


The  Athenian  Secretaries. 


added,  and  given  the  twelfth,  or  hist  place,  in  the  official  order. 
This  date  is  snfiicientl}'  attested  by  Livj'  and  Polybius  to  Ije  quite 
certain.  With  the  official  order  of  the  tribes  in  the  secretaryship 
demonsi rated  for  so  many  i;ronps  of  years  between  304-3  B.C. 
and  104-3  B.C.,  it  would  be  strong  testimony  to  its  unbroken  con- 
tinuation throughout,  if  the  events,  recorded  in  the  inscriptions 
which  give  us  the  secretaries,  as  dated  upon  the  supposition  that 
the  official  order  7cas  unbroken,  agreed  in  their  c'aonological  .se- 
quence with  the  narratives  of  them  found  in  the  works  of  the 
later  Greek  historians.  This  agreement  we  have  throughout. 
But  we  have  stronger  testimony  still  ;  foi  in  four  widely  separated 
years  we  can  show  that  the  secretary,  who  held  office  for  each  of 
tlie.se  years,  did,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  belong  to  the  tribe  ])ostulated 
for  that  year  by  an  uidjroken  official  order.     These  four  years  are  : 

(1)  268-7  B.C. 

(2)  168-7  B.C. 

(3)  125-4  B.C. 

(4)  97-6  B.C. 

(i)  According  to  a  notice  prefixed  to  a  fragment  of  Antigonos 
of  Karystos,  the  philosopher  Polemon  died  in  the  archonship  of 
Philokrates  (E[rwin]  R[ohde],  Literarisches  Centralblatt,  1S82, 
p.  58).  The  original  Greek  version  of  Eu.sebius'  XpoviKa,  and  the 
Latin  translation  of  them  b\'  Hieronynnts,  agree  in  assigning  the 
death  of  Polemon  to  the  year  26S-7  B.C.  (Vol.  II,  p.  120  and  121, 
ed.  A.  vSchoene,  i866j.  The  secretary  for  the  year  of  Philokrates 
archonship  was  'Hy?y(n7r7ros  '  Apurrofiaxov  MeAtTtus  (C.I.  A.  IV  2,  33 1 c.) 
of  the  tribe  Demetrias.  It  will  be  ^f^^w  from  the  list  of  tribes  that 
the  official  order  demands  a  secretary  from  Demetrias  for  the  year 
268-7  B.C. 

(2)  In  the  papyrus  rolls  from  Herculaneum,  Col.  XXVII  (Phil. 
Suppl.  II.  1863,  p.  543,  (juoted  by  Dumont,  Pastes  Kponymiqnes 
d'Athenes,  p.   i8j,   we  read  : 

'  AyufxyjcTTuip  81  /Jiera  ttjv  riepcre'ws  [."Ajtucrtv  Ai  .  as  Dtos  oiv  iloXv^ivov 
inl  HevoKAeoDS  ryv  air6\v(nv  tov  f3tov  iTroLyaaTO . 

The  battle  of  Pydna  was  fought  on  the  Ro.nan' 4th  of  vSept., 
or  on  the  22nd  of  June,  of  the  Julian  calendar,  in  the  year 
168  B.C.  (Mommsen,  History  of  Rome,  Vol.  II,  p.  "^ss),  and  Per- 

'Thi.s  (laic  is  (leteniiincd  by  an  eclipse  of  llic  sun. 


Year^  in    JVhich  7i>e  Know   Tribes  of  Secretaries.       6i 


jrder. 

quite 
-yship 
3  B.C. 
n  coii- 
iptions 
)n  that 
ical  se- 

of  the 
igliout. 
[larated 
^ach  of 
itulated 
irs  are  : 


ii< 


nship  of 

,  1882. 

111(1  the 

111"-  the 

ukI  121, 

)k  rates 

les  that 
the  year 

II  (Phil, 
yiuiques 

XoXv^ivov 

of  Sept., 

the   year 

1  Per- 


aiK 


sens  was  captured  a  short  time  afterwards.  This  would  be  in  the 
Attic  year  168-7  J^C.,  and  surely  the  Greek  quoted  above  means 
nothin-^,  if  not  tliat  Xenokles  was  archon  in  that  year.  The 
.secretary  for  tlie  year  of  Xenokles'  archonship  was  "SOcviBijiioi; 
'A(T/c(\)r/7rittSou  Tei^pamos  of  the  ifibe  A /oeis  (C  I.  A.  iv  2,  4411!.) 
Accordin^^  to  the  unbroken  official  order  .l/j^eis  should  have  the 
secretaryshij)  in  16S-7  B.C. 

(3)  Phles^on  of  Tralles  (Mirabilia  X  ;  Rerum  Natnralium  vScrip- 
tores,  ed.  Keller  I,  p.  75  f.)  says  : 

'Ey£i^i/r;^r/  /cat  ctti 'Po')//,t^s  avSpoyvvos,  ap)(0VT0<;  '  \6y'jvr)cnv  'ld(rovos,  vwa- 

T€VI)l'TMV   iv     P())/X>J  Md/JKOI'   ll\a{v)TLOV    KIU    AoVKlOV    K.aVLVLOV   ...     YipULOV   Kill 
MdpKOV  4>OvA/3tOU  4>XttKK0V. 

According  to  Moiuinsen  rCLL.  i,  y>.  534  f.j,  the  consuls  for  the 
year'  125-4  ^'-C.  were,  M.  Plautius  Hy])saeus  and  M.  P'ulviiis 
Flaccus,  and  those  for  the  \'ear  2-1  li.C,  Octavius  Augustus  and 
M.  Plautius  vSilvanus(C.l.L.  i,  ]).  548  f.).  A~,  s////'<r// to  tlie  last 
mentioned  ])air  Baiter,  Fasti  Coiisulares,  p.  I^X  sq.  (Cic.  Op.  ed. 
Orelli  Vol.  VIII),  adds  Q.  Fabricius  and  L.  Caninius  Gallus.  As 
Keller  (praefalio,  p.  LXV^),  says:  ''  ncglcgcntioris  librarii  ab  illo 
M.  Plautio  ad  hunc  al/eriim  abeyrasse  videaniur.  " 

The  secretary  for  the  year  of  Jason's  archonship  was 
-  ' kva^iKparov  ' KXevfrcVtos  (C.I. A.  11,  460)  of  the  tribe  IlippO- 
tJiontis.  This  irihe  an  unbroken  official  order  deni.ands  for  tl;e 
year  125-4  I^C. 

(4)  There  is  publislied  in  Bull,  iv,  (1880)  p.  190,  the  following 
Delian  inscription  : 

Ep^a'ifrrttt',  '  ATroAXfoi/Kifrrnt'.  noiretSoji'taorat',  o\  yei'oyitci/oi  iiii  vTrdrmv 
Vyatov  Kofn'YjXi'ov  XevToXov  Kid  lIoTrAt'oi'  Xi.kivlov  K/jdfnrou  inl  enifieXriTov 
be  rrys  vytrov  Mt/Sc/'od  to?  Mr/^e/'oi'  Iletpnteo)?,  tuv  llpaKXijv  dviBi^Kav, 
a4>up(!i(ravre^    llpuKXa.  kuI  'IriiAiKOis. 

Cn.  Cornelius  L,entulusaad  P.  IJeinius  Crassus  were  consuls  at 

Rome  in  the  year  97-6  B.C.  iMominsen  C.I.L.  i,  p.  537).     Evi- 
dently Medeios  was  epimeletes  of  Delos  in  the  same  year.      Now, 

'  I  have  fi)lU)\\x(l  Moiiiiiisiii  Ikto  ratlu-r  llian  Halter,  wlm  ]mtN  M.  I'laiUiiis 
IIy])saeiiri  anil  M.  luilvius  I'laocus  in  126-5  B.C.  ;  for  Moinmseirs  calciUa- 
Udus  were  made  25  years  later,  in  iSfi;,,  aiid  are  based  U])i)ii  inure  coiiijilele 
evidence.  .Schoeffer,  I)nini)nt,  IloinoUe,  ]Meier  and  otliers  follow  Monunseii 
likewise.      125-4  J^-^'-  i^-  I  think,  to  he  ascribed  with  certainly  t.)  Jason. 


62 


TJic  Athenian  Secretaries. 


Medeios  was  epimeletes  of  Delos  twice,  once  under  the  first 
archonship  of  Argeios  (C.I.  A.  ii,  985D,  1.  13  and  14),  and  again 
under  the  second  archc^nshij")  of  Argeios  in  the  following  year. 
On  this  point  Honiolle  (Bull,  iv,  (18S0)  p.  191,  n.  2),  says  : 

'  "  L"  anncc  suivante,  sous  le  deuxienie  arcliontat  d'  Argeios,  il 
reniplit  les  nienies  fonctions  ;  mais  il  s'  agil  evidemment  ici  de  la 
premiere  cTn/xe'Aeia,  puisqu  'on  n"  a  pas  ccrit  iTnfi(.\r]Tov  to  Stvrtpov." 

This  objection  lo  the  second  cVt/xeAeia  will  not  hold  ;  for  in 
C.I. A.  II,  9S5D,  1.  30,  there  is  no  to  Sevrepov  added  to  distinguish 
the  second  archonship  of  Argeios. 

The  secretary  for  ihe  archonship  o{  Medeios,  between  which  and 
the  Second  archonship  of  Argeios  there  fell  three  years,  was  *iXtW 
*iAt'wro5  " EAeuo-tVios,  of  the  tribe  Hippothontis  (C.I. A.  11,  467). 
The  secretarj'  for  Argeios'  second  year,  theref)re,  l)elonged  to  the 
tribe  Ercrhtlicis,  and  this  i.-  the  tril)e  required  for  97-6  B.C.  by  an 
unbroken  official  order  from  304-3  B.C.  on. 

The  coincidence  between  the  tribe  postulated  for  the  secretary 
by  the  unbroken  continuation  of  the  official  order,  and  the  tribe 
which  the  inscriptions  show  to  have  held  the  secretaryship,  in 
any  one  of  the  four  years,  would  alone  be  sufficient,  in  the 
absence  of  evidence  to  the  contrary,  to  make  the  unbroken  con- 
tinuation of  the  official  order  all  but  certain.  No  uncertainty 
whatsoeve-r  remains  when  all  fi)ur  are  considered  together  ;  for, 
although  there  might  be  a  diffi^renee  of  opinion  as  lo  whether 
Xeiiokles,  Jason  and  the  second  Argeios  belonged  to  the  years 
16S-7  B.C.,  125-4  B.C.,  and  97-6  B.C.,  or  to  167-6  B.C.,  126-5 
B.C.,  and  96-5  P>.C.  res[)ectively,  yet,  when  we  string  the  three 
years  on  the  official  order  of  their  tribes  (which  official  order 
groups  VII,  VIII,  IX,  and  X  given  aI)ove  demonstrate),  the  in- 
lervals  between  the  figures  of  each  set  of  years  make  the  former 
set  alone  possible.  For  instance,  if  Jason  were  put  in  126-5 
B.C.,  as  Bailer  supposed,  Xenokles  would  have  to  be  put  in  169-8 
B.C.  But  in  Xenokles'  archonship,  Perseus  King  of  Macedon 
was  ni;ide  a  prisoner  by  the  Romans,  ,'in  event  which  did  not  take 

'  1  wisli  I  knew  Iloinolle's  axithorily  here.  lM)r  it'  the  second  ii:i\xi\ii.a  oi 
Mcdeids  is  not  sulliciently  vouched  for.  il  niiijlit  he  thought  that  the  olTicia^ 
order  of  the  tribes  in  the  secretary.shii)  stopped  when  that  of  the  tribes  in 
the  ])riesthoo(l  of  Sera])is  did,  somewhere  Ijetween  104-3  B.C.  and  loi-o 
B.C.  (see  C.I..\.  II,  ^f,^V.,  1.  57). 


One  Pscp/iisniala  Secretary  and  One  0)ily. 


63 


e   first 

again 

;  year. 

eios,  il 
•i  de  la 

jTtpOV. 

for  in 
inguish 

ich  and 
IS  $i\twv 

I.  467)- 
:d  to  the 
:.  by  an 

;ecretary 
ihe  tribe 
-ship,  ill 
1,   in    the 
^i-n  con- 
■LM-tainty 
R-r  ;  for, 
whether 
le  years 
126-5 
he  three 
:il   order 
,  the  in- 
e  former 
im    126-5 
in  169-8 
Macedon 
not  take 

n^Aeio  of 

\y  tribes  in 
land    10' -o 


place  till  after  tlie  battle  of  Pydna  in  the  early  part  of  the  Attic 
year  168-7  ^•^-  Xenokles,  therefore,  conld  not  have  belonged 
to  the  year  169-S  B.C.,  nor  Jason  to  the  year  126-5  ^^C. 

^  14.  rpa/x/i-arev?  Kara  TrpvTau^Lau.  Tpa/A/Aarei'?  rov 
Sry/Aou.    llept    TO   I3rjfj.a. 

It  is  perfectly  evident  that  the  persons  said  in  the  ])reand:)les  of 
decrees  to  have  been  secretaries  were,  during  the  tiiird  and  second 
centuries,  as  during  tlie  fourth,  all  holders  of  one  and  the  same 
apxv-  This  the  official  order  of  their  tribes  proves.  It  is  ecpially 
as  evident  tliat  the  person,  srud  in  tlie  preaml)Ie  to  have  l)een  sec- 
retary, is  identical  with  the  secretary  who  had  the  decree  pid)- 
lislied  ;  for  the  only  object  sought  in  putting  his  name  in  the 
preamble  was  to  certifj'  tliat  the  publication  was  made  I)y  him 
and  was  therefore  official.  When,  therefore,  we  finil  menticjued 
two  different  titles  in  connection  with  the  publication  of  decrees 
it  must  be  that  they  both  belong  10  the  same  official. 

For  these  and  other  reasons,  the  conclusion  was  reached  that 
ypa//,/xar€rs  r^s  /3ou/\t'/s  and  y/on/u,;u.ar€i'5  Kara  irfn'Tui'ttai'  were  different  in 
title  only.  The  same  reasons  prove  that  ypa/xjuuTti's  Kara  TTfiVTavadv 
and  y/aa/x/xareiis  rov  S>//xou  were  titles  for  one  and  the  same  official  ; 
for,  just  as  in  the  period  between  35.S-6  B.C.  or  354-2  B.C.  and  31.8-7 
B.C.,  we  find  the  officer  who  had  the  ilecrees  published  ca""(l,  in 
one  decree  ypa/x/xareus  Kara  TrpvTavtcav,  and  in  another  yiMii).iiii.Ttv<i  t»;s 
/Joiv\r;s,  .so,  in  the  period  between  307-6  B.C.  and  237-6  B.C.  (omit- 
ting C.I.  A.  II,  415,  and  IV  2,  535(1  as  uncertain  i,  we  find  the  officer 
who  posted  up  the  decrees  given,  now  the  title  y/j(i/j./^(tT€ii  Kara 
TrpuTtti'ctui/,  and  again  ypafx.fx.aTtv%  tov  (iyiwT,  while  all  the  time  the 
names  given  in  the  ])reamble  followed  the  offiicial  order  of  their 
tribes. 

Of  the  inscriptions  which  h;i\'e  y^zjit/xarci's  tov  Sy/iov,  the  follow- 
ing belong  to  the  latter  part  of  the  fourth  or  the  beginning  of  the 
third  century  :  C.I.A.  11,  273,  275,  282,  286,  29;,,  310,  367,  368?, 
530  ;  IV  2,  296e,  318c,  frg.  b.,  1.  15,  374c,  5x3b,  and  5131  ;  the  follow- 
ing are  dated,  (Pint.),  Lives  of  the  Ten  Orators,  p.  852E,  in  Anaxi- 
krates'  archonsliip  307-6  B.C.,  C.I.A.  iv  2,  345c,  1.  34  in  Ourios' 


64 


The  Athenian  Secretaries. 


:i 


archonship  285-4  B.C.,  C.I. A.  11,  334  in  Diomedoii's  archoiiship 
270-9  ]5.C.,  Dif>J,^  LacTt.,  VII  lof.  in  Arrlieiieides'  archon.ship 
263-2  to  261-0  15. C.  ?,  and  C.I. A.  iv  2,  3.S5C,  1.  2Siii  Heliodoro.s' 
archon.ship  237-6  H.C.  ;  and  the  folhnving  are  verj-  donblfnlly 
dated,  C.I. A.  li,  415,  circa  197  B.C.,  and  C.I. A.  iv  2,  535d 
(wliere   ypaixfJ-nrevs    rov    Sr/ixov    slionhl    be    read)    '  tCjv    irpo    XpiarTov 

Tiie  two  decrees  which  purport  to  be  ])nbli.shed  ])}•  the  y/ja/u,/i.ttTevs 
T^5  /Sov\rj<i  Kui  Tov  h'lfwv  are  C.I. A.  11,  146  (356-336  B.C.),  and 
C.I. A.  II,  309  (jio.st  290-.S9  B.C.). 

Koeliler  has  restored  the  former  thus  : 

[toc  h\  ypaiJLfXiiTia  t]^s  (SovXij^  [kui  tov  Bt'ifiov  ?  avaypunl/aji  ToSe  to 
ip^7j(l)L(Tixn  iaTrjXtj  Xt^tVeji  . 

Instead  of  this  Scliaefer,  De  .scribis  senatus  po]-)ulique  Atheni- 
ensium,  ]).  35f.,    sugi^ests  : 

[tov  8e  ypdjXjKaTin  r]*}?  f3ov\rj<;  [ei/  aKpoTruXa  dvaypdij/a^L  ro6e  to  i/'>y(/)t(r/xa 
ktA. 

C.I.  A.  II,  309  appears  in  the  Corpus  thus  : 

\^dviLypdnpaL  Si.  to  {l/rjcfyuTfxjd  tov  ypafJLp.aTia  Ttji  ^[ovA.J/s  kui  tov  S/j/jlov  kill 
(Tr]r}rrai  ei'  dK[p]o7ro/\.£t,  et[s  St  Trjv  Trorjcnv  r^i  (rr>;/\.rys  /xeptVut]  tou[s]  ctti 
Ti]  SiotKr/(T[€i  TO   dmAoj/Aa  J . 

If  Tr^9  /3[ouA^s]  is  correct,  I  think  the  following  reading  preferable, 
though  by  no  means  certain  :  fov  8t/<a(rr]j/ptoi'  kutil  tqijs  v6fio[^v';  '] 
[dvaypoit/'at  Se  To'Se  to  i/'//(^t(r/x]>t  roi'  yp  l/xixltcl  Trj^;  /^[oi'AJ/s  iv  CTTrjXi]^ 
[At^6  VI]  K(U  <rr>)<T^'U  iv  iiKpoTrdXtt  '  «i[9  8e  rrjv  Trorjaiv  t>}?  (TTr'jX  vy?] 
r/xe/atVatJ  tou[?J  ctti  tiJ  Stot/<r/(r[et  to  ai'd/\(i)//,(ij. 

This  has  the  merits  at  least  of  supplying  two  imi)ortant  parts  of 
the  formula,  To'Se,  and  ei'  (TTyXr)  XiOivij,  and  of  making  the  last  three 
complete  lines  of  equal  length,  as  is  usual  in  iTT0i)(y]h6v  inscriptions 
of  this  time.  As  printed  in  the  Corinis,  the  lengths  range  all  the 
way  from  line  15,  which  has  35  letters,  to  line  35,  with  42.  The 
new  readings  promised  i)\  .  Wilhelm  will  probably  change  the 
restorations  materi.illy.  Whr.tever  the  correct  readings  in  C.I.  A. 
II,  146  and  309  may  be,  it  is  safe  to  say  that  the\'  are  not  those  of 
the  Corpus  ;  for  the.se  identify  the  y/ju/x/xaTeus  t/Js  (SorXy<;  kiu  tov 
St^/hou  with  the  ypup-ixarev^  t^s  /SouAr;^.  ypup./xaTev'i  tov  87//XOU  or 
ypa/u/ix(iT£is-  K(LTa  irpvTuvuav,  as  he  is  differeuth'  named,  and  this  is 
impossible. 


rchoiiship 
ichonship 
eliodoros' 
oul)tfully 
'   2.   535d 

O      XjUltTTOV 

i.C.j,  and 


]t    TO^t     TO 

?  Alheni- 

o  ipi'/(f)i.aiJLa 


i  Brj/jLov  Kill 
T0l)[5]  eVt 

referable, 

(rrr/A.  77?] 

t  parts  of 
last  three 
;criptions 
;"e  all  the 
p.  The 
Euige  the 
11  C.I.  A. 
;  those  of 
Is  Kal  Tov 
Sij/jLov  or 
:1  this  is 


In  only  one  case  is  the  r,n  '  ^ 

L'le   senate   connuended    In-    (I,,.    R-         ■  PO'tany 

ypa^^ar..,  -?  S.>o,,  Neoptolenios     \  T    ''     '"''^'"^^^^^    ^''^ 

«ame   character    such  as  C  I  A   rr       "'"'^'"'''^  ^^'^^''^Jecrees  of  the 

431.  J.  45  (..0-9  B.C.).'  and  44r";fe't,"';''  ^^^  '''~'  ^•^•). 
^-AV.  .a.  .ov  5,Vo,   ^,,^,   ,       ;^-^         ''^  ftle  found  ,s  y.a^^ar.),  ,.^ 

Vo.  is  but  an  abbrevi;tec  \o  /;r;r  -""^^  7."..-.^.  Jc 
Neopto,e,nos  had  nothin,  J,  '  .^  '^''^  'f^  J"  that  case 
--Iconld  under  no  cira^n^t    uJ  ^'"'^^'^'^tion  of  decrees 

;-« ^...«.e.w  applied .;;  r"\''^^-^  -•  ^^-  ^itie ,,,,..,,; 

■^  ^.  S7.!.  (probably  a  bul.  nf  •';"  '^  ^'"^ -'I  i"  C.I.a! 
>»<=^-ely  i.Kiicate  that  ex-.,;  """'""''■'  /^-^V..  Tb.se  fact 
o'h-  La...!,  that  .be  v,,,,^,^"    ,  f  ,f  "■      "  .  '"-'y    1-,    „„    „„ 

I"  '  -  case,  be  i,,  of  c„u,offf,t,   r'"'r""™ '''"-•-• 

From    tbe   time  tbe   tin,.     '  "  '     :  ■''''■  'W'  «'•  ■■'"'1441 

V..»»...,  .„a  ..v..  J:  ,  J~;;»  «V...  <,i.app.rs,    tbe 

""'"'cat.o,,  of  decree..     E,se„. Ce        '  '  """'"'"'  «■'■"'  '"e 

-"o..gtbeb-.st,s.,f.„ea.V™,„         ;„    "V-^"-'   officer   i,.   f„„,„ 

tereotyped  title  ,„.^^„.,,  ^J,,    "   ""i  "«-«.     He  i.s  «ive„  bi« 

""=  l«ter  part  oftbe  sect  'o,        f  '"■    '  ■■'"  '"'  ""''''■  '-'"'"-^  .o 

■^f'"  Christ  rCI.A.   ,„,  ,    :'f «"'-"-U.i.-dce„u,r: 

.04..  ro43,  ,o4.S,  ,05,,  ;o64:a  "?„-T„  '°-"-  '".'^^  -.H,  .0,0, 
-^•;»/55p..  ThisprobalW^v.  .,"'■;;,  ''r"""^-  •'"'«■- -called 
"'•■>■■'.>■  known  at  tbat  ti,„ e      Tl     '  ,       ■     '  "■'"'"''  '"■'  "'•-'■^  I'op. 

"-'  ■"  .l.e  lists  of  tbe  *V„„;  :  f  t,  ""'  <"  '"  "«=  '"-t 

absent,  and  (aJbvCI.A.  ,„,  ,;;'",:';  j^''^--.   "■=   otber  is 

J     "^U,)-  Where  iu  the  pre- 


66 


The  Athenian  Secretaries. 


amble  of  the  decree,  'PoStuj/  KaXAto-Tov  Mapu6'aji'ios  is  said  to  have 
been  secretary,  while  in  the  list  of  annual  officers,  diViTot,  posted 
at  the  end  of  the  decree,  he  is  designated  Trcpt  to  y8^/xa, 

§  15.    rpaixfJiaT€v<i  inlTOV<i  vofjiovi. 

The  secretary  who  conies  second  in  the  treatment  of  Aristotle 
may  have  had  this  tiile.  His  duties  were  much  the  same  in 
regard  to  the  vdixoi,  as  were  those  of  the  ypu/i/Aarevs  Kara  TrpuTttvcuzv 
in  regard  to  the  i/'»j<^(,'rr/tt<iTa.  The  ■ypu/i./u.ttTtiis  Kara  TrpvTavtiav,  how- 
ever, had  to  have  certain  of  tlie  i/^r^f^tV/xaTa  inscribed  on  stone, 
whereas  none  of  the  vo/aoi  were  so  treated.  It  is,  indeed,  entirely 
owing  to  the  fact  that  so  many  of  the  {j/rj(f>i(TfjiaTa  have  come  down 
to  us  in  this  way,  that  we  are  a1jle  to  add  to  the  knowledge 
concerning  their  curator  which  we  derive  from  Aristotle.  Had 
we  as  many  laws,  we  might  be  aljle  to  do  the  same  for  the 
y/oa/xp,ttT£vs  eirl  toik;  vifiov; ;  as  we  have  none,  we  are  obliged  to  con- 
tent ourselves  with  what  Aristotle  tells  us. 

§  16.   TpafJiixaTev<i  T17?  jSovkrjq   /cat   rov  hrjixov. 

This  is  a  title  found,  with  one  exception,  only  in  the  class  of 
inscriptions  called  by  Koehler  '  catalogi  prytaiixim  ' .  Of  these 
catalogi  there  are  three  sets  : 

(i)  Those  of  the  first  set  belong  to  the  fourth  century  B.C., 
and  were  inscribed  upon  oiferings  dedicated  by  the  prytanes  in  re- 
turn for  honors  awarded  them  by  the  senate  and  people.  At  the 
end  of  the  list  of  prytanes,  the  name  of  the  ypap/xarcus  t^s  (SovXrjs 
Koi  Tov  Srjixov  is  frequently,  though  not  invariably,  given.  Of  these 
names  we  have  the  following  : 

C.I.  A.  ir,  865  (early  part  of  4th  cent.).     Pandionis. 
[ypafi\fiaTtv^  rrj  fiovXrj  Kal  toj  8t//u,(j) 
....  \ti8r)i  'PiXoOyjpov  i^  Olov. 

C.I. A.  II,  867  (378-7  B.C.).     Akamantis. 

-  -  €y]pap,[p,]ttTev«i/  rrj  /8ovA^[t  kui   tw  87^^,0).]. 

C.I.  A.  II,  86g  (middle  of  4th  cent.).     Antiochis. 

ypafifiaTiv<i  Trj<;  (SovXy/s  Kal  tov  8rjp.ov 
Upovdwrji  Tlpo$ivov  IIpoo-TraATios. 


to  have 
»i,  posted 


Aristotle 
same  in 
rrpvTavciav 
tav,  how- 
)n  stone, 
,  entirely 
ne  down 
lowledge 
le.  Had 
e  for  the 
d  to  con- 


class  of 
Of  these 

iry  B.C., 

nes  in  re- 

At  the 

rj<i  fSovKrj'i 

Of  these 
nis. 


ne  Sccrefary   ll^o  I^ead  the  Documents, 


67 


Pandionis. 


C.I.A   ir.  870  (middle  of  4th  cent.).     Aigeis 

[BAjeViyjo,  ?   \\^Sav?>pov  Xlaiovi^^ 

C.I.A.  IV2,  8711,  (middle  of  4th  cunt.) 

•^wpos  ^/UKvOov  MeAiTcu's. 

C.I.A.  IV  2,  872b  (undated).     Leonlis. 

ypafi.fj.[„T{Vi']  /SovA^s 

' Avrip.4vr,<:  ' A[,\]oi7reKij[eiv] 

the  only  officers  ,ne„tio„ed  ir.l.ese    Ss      t     "•"  '"'  ""^  "^ 
office  for  a  year  f  Aeschin    III    .,'  """"'"*"  """ 

.H^:":::^':;:,t':::::---;;---o.er.e 

prytanes  a,,,,  officers  are  attached  t  di  ^  ^^  1'  "''■',"'  '"t 

people  in  wltich  they  are  coinnier  le,l      T    ,       •  "'"' 

Prylany  officers  f,  i^    ,    =°"'"«'-'«l-     Besides  the  names  of  the 

are'givL  ttro^s^o^cTHhrrel^r"'  "V'""""*  "-- 
them   tJif.  ,.  >      ~  \  ^'^    •     ^''"V/'a^/^arcv's,  and  amone 

tliem,  the  ypa^f^arcv,  rr,,  fiovXij,  ,al  rov  Srj^ov.      Qf  the   htter   T 

are  found  the  following  :  /a-    •     wi  tne  latter  there 

C.I.A.  ir,  393  (post  229-8  B.C.). 

[6  ypaf,p^Te]{„  t^\  /3ov\^,  ^al  roS  8^p.ov 


SwcrtTTTTOS 


tUS. 


C.I.A.  11,  394  (post  229-8  B.C.).     Hippothontis. 

Lo  ypapp^arev,  r^,  /3ov\^,  kuI  rov  8^]f,ov 

4'ui'O        -        -         .        . 

C.I.A.  II,  431,  1.  45  (2,0-9  B.C.).     Uontis. 
C.I.A.  ir,  441  (undated). 

o  ypafi^arek  [r^?  /3ov\{j,  ^al  rov  S^^ovJ 


For  C.I.A.  II,  329  see  above  p.  65. 


^mmmmmmmm 


68 


T/ic  Athenian  Secretaries. 


(3)  The  inscriptions  of  the  thinl  set  belong  to  the  second  cent- 
ury after  Christ.  In  them,  along  with  the  nanifs  of  the  prj'tanes 
and  their  officers,  ai^jjear  those  of  the  rlariTot,  and  among  the  lat- 
ter, in  the  following  inscriptions,  is  found  the  ypayu/Marfus 
/JovArys  Kill  8r//xoii  :  C.I. A.  HI,  1029  {167-8  A.  D.  \  1030  (168-9, 
A.D.),  1031  (169-70  A.I).),  1032(170-1  A.D.),  1034  (170-1  A.D.), 
1040(183-4  A.D. ),  1041  (185-8  A.  D.),  1042,  1044,  and  104S.  In- 
stead of  ypafXfinTtv<;  fiov\^<;  kul  8r//xoi;,  in  C.I.A.  Ill,  IO38  (  175  ? 
A.D.)  and  1045,  is  found  the  al)l)reviated  title  ypu/x/xaTtLis  /JovA^s. 
There  can  be  no  doubt  as  to  the  identity  of  the  two. 

The  OUL'  inscription  in  which  the  title  yfjafjLfj.aTev<;  t/Js  fSovXr/^  Kal 
Tov  8r//Aov  occurs,  outside  of  the  '  catalo^^i  prytanum  ",  is  C.I.A.  11, 
488  (rd)oul  30  B.C. ).     Here,    at    the   end    iA  a   decree,    is    read: 

[rojriro  TO  [i/zryt^trr/jia Iv  Mwpi'Ji'r/  6  ctti  T[oui    (>Tr\(.iT(L<;  (TTfjnTrjyo<i   Kal 

6  k]^/jv^  [t^s  f]^  '  Apa'ov  ndyov  /io[i)A>}s  Kat  6  y/ja/u,/xuT£u?  t^s]  /iouA^s  kol 
TOV  S/iixov.     What  they  are  t(j  do  with  the  \l/rf<^uTix.a  is  not  known. 

It  is,  therefore,  apparent  that  there  existed  at  Athens,  during 
the  fourth,  third,  .second,  and  first  centuries  before  Christ,  and  dur- 
ing the  second  century  ailer  Christ,  an  official  called  ypaixfiaTevs 
^ovXrji  KUL  S>//A,ow.  Was  the  apxv  held  by  tiie  persons  denoted  by 
this  title  the  same  during  the  whole  period  ?  There  can  be  no 
reasonable  doubt  that  it  was.  If  so,  it  is  evndent  that  it  was  an 
ainiual  office.  After  Christ  it  certainly  was  ;  otherwise,  the  name 
of  its  holder  would  not  appear  among  those  of  the  dio-tTot.  Now, 
among  the  ata-iToi  there  is  found  the  name  of  no  officer,  who  in  the 
last  four  centuries  before  Chri.st  is  known  to  have  held  office  for 
the  time  of  one  prytany  only.  Any  that  were  prytany  officers  in 
earlier  times,  c.^.,  ypa/jL/xuTexx;  fSovXevrwv,  are  mentioned  among  the 
prytanes  themselves.  On  the  other  hand,  among  the  dtVtrot  are 
found  several  officer-;,  who  in  the  centuries  before  Christ  were 
J'early  magistrates,  C.ff.,  ypa/xp.arev'i  kiito.  TrpvravtMV,  dvTiypaffiiv'i. 
These  facts  go  to  show  that  prytany  offices  remained  prytany 
offices,  and  antuial  offices  remained  annual  offices  throughout  this 
whole  period.  The  inference  may  therefore  be  drawn  that,  dur- 
ing the  fourth  century,  B.C.,  the  y/):i/u./iar£us  )8ou.\>}s  Kat  8rip.ov  was 
an  animal  magistrate.  Hence,  at  the  time  Aristotle  wrote  the 
'AdrjvaLuyv  IloAtTeta,  there  existed  at  Athens  a  j'early  secretary  with 


The  Secretary   Wlio  Read  tJie  Documents, 


69 


L-ent- 
Lanes 
t  liit- 

68-9, 

L.D.), 

In- 

<i75? 

JovAijS. 

/\f/S   KM. 
A.     II, 

read  : 

iyos   Kal 

jXf;s  Kat 

3\vn. 

during 

nd  dur- 

x/AjaaT£VS 

:>ted  by 
be  no 
was  an 
le  name 
Now, 
;)  in  the 
fiice  for 
icers  in 
ong  the 
Tirol  are 
St  were 

prytanj^ 

lout  this 

jat,  dur- 

,ou  was 

ote  the 

,ry  with 


that  name.  The  ypa/i/xarciis  fSovXrji  kuI  8>;/xou  must,  therefore, 
be  one  of  the  three  described  by  iiim.  He  is  clearly  not  the 
first.  Tiie  second  had  the  laws  under  his  care  and  had  nothing 
whatever  to  do  with  the  ])rytaiies,  He  can  only  be  the  tlii  '  the 
one  of  whom  Aristotle  says  (.\th.  Pol.  54,  5)  :  xiipoTovil  Sk  i  6 
8^/ios  yfxiixiXdTiiL  T()V  avayvaxTo/iivov  ui'tw  (i.e.  tuI  8»//i,(i>)  Kal  rrj  j3ov\yj,  kuI 
ouros  ovbcvo'i  hm  Kvfjiof  dW  ij  rov  di'n.yi'aivui. 

Why  then  is  his  name  found  in  the  4th  century  '  cataloi^i pry- 
tanum' }  The  same  question  must  be  asked  in  tiie  case  of  the 
(li/rtypiie^eik.  The  'ivriypi^tv^  jjresented  to  tile  people,  at  the  end  of 
each  pr\-tany,  the  accounts  of  the  monej-  received  and  expentied 
by  the  prytanes.  The  y^ja/x/Aareus  liovXrf<;  kuI  StJ/aow  read  to  the  peo- 
ple, at  I  he  request  of  the  presidin.;  prytanes,  all  documents  such 
as  Tr[)ol3ovXtvfj.'LTa,  i/^r;<^ur/xara,  etc.  What  is  there  surjirising  in  the 
presence  of  their  names  among  those  of  the  prytanes  adjudged  to 
have  acquitted  themselves  best  during  the  year?  Their  reports 
and  attainments  would,  no  doubt,  have  done  much  to  secure  the 
honours  for  the  prytanes  in  question.  It  is  noteworthy,  in  this 
connection,  that  the  ypa/i/xiTcus  f3ovXrji  K<a  S>//u,ou  was  chosen  by 
popular  election,  not  bj'  lot.  Not  every  citizen  could  nuike  his 
voice  heard  throughout  the  ekklesia,  and  the  8riiio<:  nuist  at  least 
hear  the  proposals  of  the  prytanes. 

When  the  secretary  under  consideration  is  bidden  to  read  a 
document,  he  is  usually  called  simply  o  y/ja/x/xareJ?  (C.I.A.  ir, 
114A,  1.  gf.,  Aeschin.  Ill,  100,  IX-m.  XX,  p.  4S5,  Thucyd.  \'II,  (o, 
where  the  r^s  TroAeojs  is  bracketed  by  Herwerden,  Stalil  and  liude, 
Sandys  Ath.  Pol.,Ch.  54,  511.).  In  (  Pint. )  Lycurg.  841  F  he  is  called 
ypufjLfi.aTev'i  tjj?  ttoAcu)?.  Iu  A.  Wilhelni,  Rericlit,  p.  6f.  he  is  called 
y/ja/x/Aareu?  Tu)  S>J/j,u),  an  abridgement  of  what  in  C.I.A.  11,  S65, 
867,    and    870,    we    find    as    ypiiniJ.aTev<;  rij  fSovXij  k<u  rw  SijfJiu).       vSo  in 

C.I.A.  II,  329,  ypa/x/xnTcv^  ISovXrj'i  kiu  Srjpiov  is  perhaps  abbre- 
viated to  ypap.finTtv<;  rov  Sy'ip-ov^  and  in  C.I.A.  IV  2,  872b,  III, 
1038.  and  1045,  to  ypa/xjuiarciis  rrji  fSovX?]^.  The  probability  is  that 
he  had  no  fixed  title  at  all,  but  was  most  commonly  called 
ypaju/u,(tT€us  TJjs  (3ovXrj<:  Kal  rov  StJ/xov.  The  uniqueness  of  his  duties 
would  distinguish  him  sufficiently  in  any  case. 


70 


The  Athenian  Secretaries. 


Tliese  (lulies  were  to  read  letters,  new  laws,  psephismala,  pro- 
bouleumata  and  oilier  documents  of  all  kinds  to  the  senate  and 
assemhU'.  OCto?  oi'iSecd*  t'tm  Kii/jios  I'lXK  /y  ToO  di'ayi'wi'ai,  says  Aris- 
totle. His  name  is,  therefore,  wroii<j;ly  restored  in  C.I.  A.  ii,  146, 
and  309,  and  he  i->  wron.i^ly  identified  with  the  y/ja^/iartus  toC 
8j//xou  found  in  the  inscriptions  cited  above,  p.  63f.  ;  for  he  was 
not  the  officer  who  attended  to  the  publication  of  decrees. 

§  17.    Vpafxnarev'^  TrpvToiveaju.      Ppa/x/Ltareu? /SouXeuroii^. 

In  the  '  cata/fliyi  prytanum  '  of  the  second  set,  there  is  mentioned 
a  secretary  with  the  title  ypa/x/iareu?  TTfiVTaviwv.  In  those  of  the 
first  set,  this  name  is  wanting.  The  presumption  is  that  he  did 
not  exist  in  the  fourth  century.  In  the  three  following  centuries 
he  was  a  member  of  the  ])residing  prytany  (C.I.  A.  ii,  329).  It  i.s 
unlikely  that  he  was  elected  by  lot.  His  associate,  the  Ta/xtas, 
certainly  was  not  (C.I.  A.  11,  431).  His  duties  were  ras  ^vcrtas 
dvav  irctfras  ra?  Kn6r)Kov<Ta<;  iv  Trj  iTpvTavf.ui  vnip  Tt  Trj<;  (iov\rj^  Kai 
Tov  8i]fiov  '  iTTifiiXiiaOiu  Se  Kai  T^^iv  aWcoi/  diravTuyv  (C.I.  A.  II,  431). 

In  the  third  set  of  '  calahiri pryianum  \  an  official  correspond- 
ing   to    the    ypafiiJi.aTev<;    Tr/auTai/ewi/,    l)Ut    with    the    title    ypafifKinvi 

ftovKevTwv,  appears.  There  can  be  no  reasonable  d()u))t  that  he  is 
the  same.  He  is  still  a  j)rytany  officer,  and  is  not  registered 
among  the  dio-iroi. 

§  18.  Fpa/x/aarev?  rail/ ra/atwi/ T^5  ^eov.  V payi.}xa.Tev<i  twv 
TafXLwu  TTji;  deov  kol  tcov  aWoti/  deiov. 

For  the  period  434-3  to  407-6  B  C.  inclusive,  we  have  a 
tolerably  complete  list  of  the  secretaries  of  the  treasurers  of 
Athens.     It  is  as  follows  : 


Secretaries  oj  the   Treasurers  of  Athena, 


71 


,  pro- 

e  and 

Aris- 

I,  146. 

e   was 


(/) 


tf) 


W't^'i:Kh4clh<o<ii    <:-<(Xi_;<:<?h<<w<<i-jw 


•::  -^ 

c  — 

,*     .-• 

c-  0 

•  —    (y 

xa 

itioned 

of  the 

lie  (lid 

mturies 

).     It  is 

T(x/i,ia?, 
IS  ^vtrtus 

espond- 

lat  he  is 
gistered 


I 


9, 


On  O 

-f  in 


(JvO^f^    '+COXCC    CT* 


"sfvO   ^\D   M   ri   C(   '■■(   10  f<^ 


15 


M 
M 


.  o 

00  « 

—'  i^cc  00 

-    l-«    ^^     "^ 
"^00  OC    ON 

""  in  'o  10 


.       .    'O     ^      

1-1       1-1    O    "'-  t^  I^CC    rO  'O  10  t-^ 

r>.     i^  ts   i-"    10  10  10  X  *0  0  vO 


11    -^  CS    CS    CS    fS    M    CS    rl  CO  <^j  fO      10      10  "O  10  fS    M    C)    M    «^  f<;  rC  ^5 

t^  1-1  cfi  <?^  O  "-1  «N  fO  ON  cr>  o  i-i     M     "+  -t  'O  10  'oo  i^  f^  -f  "+  >r) 

w    ^  1-1    11    H    (S    M    CS    cs    CN    rO  fO     ro     10  10  10  M    fN    M    M    r<~/  ro  ro  ro 


dp, 
o  o 


rr,  f^  -1- 


rei";  Twy 


have    a 
lurers  of 


I 


< 


1^ 


'a 

2  "3 

1:^  5  ^^ 


Is 

2  < 


o 

3 

K 

S 

12^ 


=^     ^     iw 

o  2  ^ 


^» 


3 
P 


3 


X 


14/ 


<  < 


3 


560 


If 


(/• 


o 
t,  ^3 

O  M5 

;i    o 
»    -,    p    b 

'<  '<  ^b  _s  , 

=!    a   ^»  K- 

r«  <3 

^2  ^  ^  p 
b  :<  s  b 
P-  a   o    s 

^  ^  W  tiS 


CO 


O 


3     o 


o 
00 

?^ 

•o 

© 


I-  •^ 

b    ? 


s- 

vP 

a. 
/I 


<5a. 

b 

w 


ro  cs   "-I   O   ONOO   r^vO   Lo  'd-  r^j  f^ 

I    I    I    I    I   I    I    I    I    I    I    I 

r)-  rfj  ot  ^  O  000  r^vO  10  -:f  rO 
rOr<^rOrO(^>tM  <N  (N  <N  M  CN  CN 
'^'^•^•+'t'+rJ-r)-rt--*T)-r)- 


o 
a. 

< 


o 


(yi    — ■-    »w 


?«  !?■  r;  ?s 


.-    S-  3 

<;  I — I  ^ 

O 


<^ 


y^ 


^a 

I I 

b 
I  ^ 


o 
;^ 

.3 
»- 
b 
S. 


S    ^ 

«-    3 

5   S 


b  - 
?-  b 

P-   5 


S  -e- 


5  e 


'A 


-   ^   5   t'  ^ 

?^^  5  °  2 

Q.-UJ1    b 


5  t: 


2   i- 
,2  ^§-„3 

-e-  iL  p 

<;    P    a 
•    -a   " 

-     Q- 
P     »- 

«3-  3 

3     ir 

'^      ^ 
"*•  00 

'<  tr    w 

,<2  -=; 

'a    =< 


?^  <!  e-  w  -^  lEle  <!  <; 


b 

/< 

o   o 
p.  ^ 

X  g 

(A       P       2 


^2 


I     TiiiiiiiiiTiiii 

(S       «00N00t^vO>O-:t-fOf^i-i00NC0t^ 

(S|         (yiC)-<i-i"-"-i-ll-l«»-»Hl-iOOO 


73 


The  Athenian  Sccyctaries. 


Dnriii};^  two  periods,  4.^4-^^  to  430-29  B.C.  inclusive,  atul  416-5 
to  413-2  H.C.  inclusive,  the  tribes  of  llu-  secretaries  follow  one 
atiotlier  in  the  reverse  of  their  oflicial  order. 

lM)r  the  nt'xt  nuinher  of  years,  the  treasury  hoaids  of  Athena 
and  of  the  Other  Gods  were  united,  and  had  a  secretary  in  coni- 
mou.     Of  these  secretaries  tiie  foUowini;  remain  : 


Year ' 
B.C, 

.\\t\tu'  and  Ih'mc  of 
Si'cirlavy 

References 

Tr'tbi'  (f 
Srrrttiiry 

406-5 

*Akan>anti.s 

405-4 

='=Leontis 

404-3 

'l-Pandionis 

403-2 

—     —  as  KoAAi'Tci's 

IV  2,  642I). 

Ai.neis 

402-1 

K\lL(T0<f>O<;    t]l'o>I'    X'fUVS 

11,642'. 

ICrechlheis 

40 1  -0 

■t^Antiochis 

400-c) 

W£^(rt[Ao  X"*  Omiio'i 

n.643,  645. 

Aiantis 

399-« 

Xul^    t     U)V    '  EiXilXTll/LWi 

11.644.  652.   IV  2, 
645b. 653 

Hippolliontis 

39S-7 

Mi'r/fru/jos  '  Adfjiovtv  s 

II,  652,  653.  IV  2,  653. 

Kekrojiis 

397-6 

Mo/jv;(os  Bovra'.Sr/s 

II.  652.     IV  2,   653. 

Oiiieis 

396-5 

^■■AUaniantis 

395-4 

'''Leontis 

394-3 

•'■Paiidionis 

393-2 

''■Aii;eis 

392-1 

•^^''rechtheis 

391-0 

=''Antiochis 

390-9 

—     -/J>?s  '  A(fn8v(U0<: 

II,  660. 

Aiantis 

3S9-8 

■'■Hippothontis 

38.S-7 

•^•Kekropis 

3S7-6 

"'"Oineis 

For  the  i)eriod  403-2  to  390-89  B.C.  at  the  very  least,  the 
tribes  (jf  the  secretaries  follow  one  another  in  the  reverse  of  the 
official  order,  and  it  is  probable  that  it  was  of  twenty  years  dura- 
tion so  as  to  complete  two  sets  of  tribe  rotations.  The  date,  at 
which  the  beginning  of  the  twenty  year  period  must  be  fixed,  lies 
between  407-6  B.C.  and  403-2  B.C.  406-5  B.C.,  the  first  of  a 
Panathenaic  Penteteris,  is  privia  facie  the  most  probable  year; 
for,  as  we  are  dealing  with  the  .secretary  of  the  joint  board  of 
treasurers,  twenty  years,  starting  from  385-4  B,C.,  the  first  year^ 

'  This  inscription  is  now  dated  precisely. 
^SecC.I..\.  II,  667. 


Secretaries  of  the  Joint  liiKxrd  of  Treasurers.         73 


416-5 
)W  one 

\.i1r'1Ui 
n  corn- 


Ac  of 
rtary 

\;intis 

lis 

ionis 

is 

liihcis 

ochis 

ilis 

)t)Uii)nlis 

ropis 
jis 

iiuantis 
litis 


(lionis 
tis 

htheih 
iochis 

itis 

pothoiitis 

ropi^^ 
is 

[east,   the 
Ise  of  the 
tars  dura- 
date,  at 
klxed,  lies 
Ifirst  of  a 
|)le  year  ; 
board  of 
first  vear' 


in  which  we  know  that  the  union  of  the  hoards  no  h)nj;er  existed, 
take  us  at  once  beyond  40,^-^  H.C.  Indeed,  406-5  B.C.  is  the 
year  assij^iied  by  Hans  lA'liner  (ttber  (he  atheiiischeii  Schatz- 
verzeichnisse  iles  vierten  Jahihnnderts.  Honn,  iSHo,  p.  12  IT.  )  and 
liy  Paul  I'anske  (  I)e  niaj^istratibns  Atticis  cjui  saeculo  a.  Chr. 
n.  (piarto  pecunias  publicas  curabaut.  Leipz.  Stud.  XIII,  1S90, 
1>.  4  IT.)  f)r  the  consoUdation  of  the  boards.  The  evidence 
for  this  date  is  ;  that  C.I.  A.  iv  2,  642b  compels  us  to  assume  that 
the  boirds  were  already  jtnned  in  404-3  li.C.  ;  that  Andocides,  l)e 
Myst.  77  refers  to  a  joint  board  in  405-4  B.C.  ;  that  the  treasur- 
ers of  Athens  for  tlie  year  407-6  B.C.  do  not,  as  usual,  name  their 
successors:  tliat,  at  the  end  of  the  year  407-6  B.C.,  of  the  jjold 
and  silver  offerings  cared  lor  by  the  treasurers  of  Athena,  all 
kept  in  the  Pronaos,  and  many  of  those  kept  in  the  Par- 
thenon and  Helcatompedon,  were  handed  over  to  the  Ilel- 
lenotamiai  to  meet  the  expenses  incurred  in  filling;  out  the 
fleet  to  flight  at  Arginousai  ;  that  the  Old  Temple  of  .\theiia,  in 
the  Opisthodomos  of  which  were  stored  the  precious  t'nini^s  cared 
for  by  the  treasurers  of  the  Other  Gods,  was  l)urnt  down  in  the 
early  part  of  the  year  ;  that  what  remained  of  the  offerings  after  the 
fire,  was  put,  with  what  was  left  of  Athena's  treasures,  in  the 
Hekatompedon  ;  that  the  treasurers  both  of  Athena  and  of 
the  Other  Gods,  at  the  end  of  their  term  of  office  in  the  early  jiart 
of  406-5  B.C.,  were  lying  in  jirison  on  a  ch.irs^e,  of  negligence  we 
may  suppose,  in  connection  with  the  burning  of  the  temple. 
When  the  treasures  were  for  the  great  part  gone,  aiul  when  those 
that  remained  were  all  storeil  in  one  room,  it  is  not  surprising 
that  a  single  board  of  caretakers  was  thought  sufiicient. 

So,  when  the  construction  of  the  Long  Walls,  in  393  B.C..  and 
the  peace  of  Antalkidas,  in  387-6  B.C.,  brought  commercial  j)ros- 
perity  to  Athens,  and  Thriisyboulos,  in  390-89  B.C.,  won  back 
tribute-paying  dependencies  for  the  city,  the  administration  of  the 
finances  would  demand  a  board  of  treasurers  to  replace  the  Hel- 
lenotamiai.  Moreover,  upon  the  rebuilding  of  the  Old  Temple 
of  Athena,  alluded  to  by  Aristophanes  in  Plutus  1191  ff.  (3S8 
B.C.),  a  board  of  treasurers  would  be  required  to  care  for  the 
money,  and  gold  and  silver  offerings  again  undoubtedly  stored 


74 


The  Athenian  Secretaries. 


there.  It  is  not  surprising  that  3S7-6  B.C.,  lieing  the  last  year  of 
a  Panatheiiaic  Peiiteteris,  and  the  hist  in  the  .second  set  of  tribe  ro- 
tations, ended  the  period  of  the  joint  board  of  treasurers  and  of 
the  reverse  of  the  official  order  of  the  secretaries'  tribes. 

After  3S7-6  B.C.  came  a  period,  we  know  not  of  \v'hat  length, 
in  wl'ich,  neither  the  reverse  of  the  official  order,  nor  the  official 
order  itself,  guided  the  tribes  in  their  turns  to  the  secretaryship 
of  the  treasurers  of  Athena.  This  is  indicated  by  the  tribe  of  the 
secretar}'  for  376-5  B.C.,  Eu^t'as  Ileto-tov  Kr/TTios,  of  the  tribe  Leontis 
(C.I. A.  II,  670,671).  In  the  year  351-0  B.C.,  however,  as  the 
following  Hst  shows,  we  encounter  a  new  system. 


Year 
B.C. 


Nainc  and  Ihiiic  of 
.^ccrc/arv 


Refcycnces 


II,  69S. 


351-0    'Aya^i'/xos  '  khti^avjov      II,  O98. 
©i)/AaiTa(ST/?)  j 

3.S"-9 

349—8   nto-TtSv;?  0O|O(itevs 

34«-7 
347-6 
346-5 
345-4 
344-3 
343-2 
342-1 

341-0  -   -  i[ui)(ov  'EAevfTu'ftos)  II,  703. 

340-9   -   -  KJ^jaToi's  TpiKopv-        II,  703. 

I       fn(os) 


I         7'n7>c  of 
I        Secretary 

Hipjiothontis 

-■^Aiantis 
Aiitiochis 

''"Erechtheis 

=i=Aig'MS 

'■"'Pandionis 

''%eontis 

''•Akamantis 

l*Oineis 

'^Kekropis 
Hippothontis 
Aiantis 


For  the  years  351-0  to  340-39  B.C.  inclusive,  the  secretaries' 
tribes  follow,  not  the  reverse  of  the  official  order  as  before,  but  the 
official  order  itself.  When  this  system  was  introduced,  and  how 
long  it  lasted,  we  caiuiot  even  conjecture.  The  treasury  boards 
in  the  latter  jiart  of  the  fourth  century  B.C.  lost  nuicli  of  theii 
former  importance,  owing  to  the  vestment  of  supreme  financial 
authority  in  the  persons  of  new  officers.  Consecpiently.  the 
boards  are  rarely  met  with  in  inscriptions  of  this  period,  and  after 
340-39  B.C.  we  are  unable  to  give  the  deme  of  a  single  secretary. 

I  have  no  comment  to  make  on  llic  ypa/x/Attrev?  'EAAt^i/otu/aioji'  or 
tlie  ■ypiju./xaTtii  ToJi/  TdfiMv  tC)v  aWtjDv  Oiwv.  The  official  order  cannot 
be  shown  to  have  had  anything  to  do  with  the  distribution  ot't-ither 
of  the.se  officers  among  the  tril)e^.  The  tribe  of  the  ypufifuiTtrs 
6c(Tfio6eTo)v  can  in  no  case  be  determined. 


year  of 

ribe  ro- 

and  of 

length, 
official 
:arysliip 
e  of  the 
Leotitis 
.  as  the 


■ihc  of 
■n'tary 

pothontis 

itis 

iochis 

:htheis 

'MS 

dionis 

litis 

iinantis 


Topis 
)othontis 

itis 


cretanes 
but  the 
and  how 
ry  boards 
of  theii 
financial 
itly,    the 
and  after 
lecretary. 
■(t/xiwv  or 
V  (-aniiot 
of  tither 


APPENDIX  A. 


The  Tribes  with  their  Respective  Demes. 

Erechtheis. 

Agryle,  Anagyrous,  Euonymoii,  Kedoi,  Kephisia,  Lamptrai, 
Pambotadai.  Pergase,  Phegous,  Sybridai,  Theniakos. 

Aigeis. 

Ankyle,  Araplien,  Bate,  Dioineia,  Ivrchia,  Erikeia,  Gargettos, 
Halai  Araphenides,  Hestiaia,  Ikaria,  lonidai,  Kollytos,  Kolonos, 
Kydantidai,  Myrrliiuoutta,  Otryne,  Phegaia,  Philaidai,  Plotheia, 
Teitliras. 

Pandionis, 

Angele,  Graes,  Kaletea,  Konthyle,  Kydathenaioii,  K^-tneros, 
Myrrhinous,  Oa,  Paiaiiia,  Pliegaia,  Prasiai,  Probalinthos,  Stt-ir'.a. 

Lcontis. 

Aithalidai,  Cholleidai,  Deiradiolai,  Eupyridai,  Haliiuous,  He- 
kale,  Hybadai.  Kettos,  Kolone,  Kropidai,  Leukonoc  Oion  Ker- 
ameikon,  Paionidai,  Pelekes,  Phrearrhoi,  Potanios,  Skambonidai, 
Sounioii. 

A  {(I mantis. 

Cholargos,  Eiresidai,  Eitea,  Hagnou->,  HennoM,  Iphi>Aiadai, 
Kephale,  Keranieikos,  Kikyiina,  Kyrlcidai,  Poros,  Prospalta, 
Rhakidai,  Sphettos,  Tliorikos. 

Oi)ieis. 

Acharnai,  Boutadai,  Epikephisioi,  Hii)potoniadai,  Kothokidai, 
Lakiadai,  Eousia,  Oe,  Perithoidai,  Phyle,  Ptelea,  Tbria,  Tyr- 
meidai. 

Kekropis. 

Aixoiie.  Athmoiion,  Daidalidai,  Epieikidai,  Ilalai  Aixonikai, 
Helite,  Plilya,  Pithos,  Sypalettos,  Trinemeia,  Xypete. 


76 


The  Athenian  Secretaries. 


\. 


Hippothontis. 

Acherdous,  Amymoiie,  Anakaia,  Aiiridai,  Azeiiia,  Dekeleia, 
Elaious,  Eleusis,  Eroiadai,  Hainaxanteia,  Keiriadai,  Koile,  Ko- 
pros,  Kor3'dallos,  Oinoe,  Oioti  Dekeleikou,  Peiraieus,  Pol — , 
Sphendale,  Thyiiiaitadai. 

Aiantis. 

Apliidna,  Kykala,  Marathon,  Oinoe,  Perrhidai,  Phaleroii, 
(Psaphis),  Rhauiuous,  Thyrgouidai,  Titakidai,  Trikoryuthos. 

Antiochis. 

Aigilia,  Alopeke,  Ainphitrope,  Aiia[)lily.sto.s,  Atene,  Besa,  Eitea, 
Ergadeis,  Eroiadai,  Kolone,  Krioa,  Lekkon,  Eeukopyra,  CMelai- 
iKii),  P.illeue,  (Penttile),  Phyrriii.iesioi,  S'iuiachidai,  Tiiorai. 

A^itigonis. 

' -^'Agryle,  Aithalidai,  Deiradiolai  ?,  Eitea,  Gargettos,  Ikaria, 
Kydatlieuaion,  '•■Latnptrai,  '■■Paiatiia. 

Devietrias. 

Atene,  Hippotomadai,  Koile,  Kothokidai.  Melite,  Thorai, 
Xypete. 

Ptoleinais. 

Aigilia,  Akyaia,  Aphidna.  Berenikidai,  Boutadai,  Euiiostidai, 
Hekale,  Hyporeia,  Ikaria,  Klo — ,  Kolone,  Koiithyle,  Kydanti- 
dai  ?,  Melainai,  Oinoe,  I'entelc.  Perrhidai,  Petaliai,  Phlya,  Pros- 
palta,  --Seinachidai,  Themakos,  Thyrgonidai,  Titakidai. 

Attalis. 

Agryle,  Ankyle  ^  Apollonieis,  Atene,  Athmonon,  Hagnous, 
Korydallos,  Oinoe,  Oion  Dekeleikon.  Probalinthos,  Sounion, 
Tyrnieidai. 

'  The  star  signifies  that  the  dcnie  had  two  parts,  one  of  which  remaini-d  in 
the  old  tribe.  That  none  hut  thvidcd  denies  coahl  helonu;  to  two  tribes  at  the 
same  titiu,  has  l)een  sh.own  tjy  Mr.  F.  O.  Bates  in  the  dissertation  cited 
at  p.  43  ;ihove. 


ekeleia, 

.le,   Ko- 

Pol— , 


APPENDIX  B. 


Bini.IOGRAPHY. 


haleron, 
.tlios. 

^a,  Eitea, 
,,  (Melai- 
orai. 

^,    Ikaria, 


Thorai, 


lunostidai, 
'<ydaiiti- 
llya,  Pros- 


[Hagnous, 
Sovuiion, 


|-eniaim'(l  in 
tribes  at  the 
ition   citetl 


Bates,  F.  O.  The  Five  Post-Kleisthenean  Tribes,  (Cornell 
University  dissertation ). 

Beloch,  Julius.  Die  Errichtun":  der  Pliyle  Ptolemais.  Neue 
Jahrl)ticlier  fiir  classische  Pliilologie  129  (  1SS4J,  p.  481  IT. 

Boeckh,  August.  vStaatslianshaltung  der  Athener.  Vol.  'l 
(1850),  p.  251  ff. 

Busolt,  Georg.  Staats-  and  Rechtsaltertumer.  I.  Mtiller, 
Handhncli  "IV  i,  p.  254  fT. 

Caillemer,  E.  Article  Grammaicis,  in  Daremberj^  et  Saglio, 
Dictionnaire  des  Antiquites     Vol.  II  (1896),  p.  1646  flF. 

Dittenberger,  Wilhelm.  Attische  Archonten  zwischen  Ol. 
122  und  130.      Hermes  II  (  1867),  p.  285  flF. 

Dittenberger,  \A«^ilhelm.  Untersuchnngen  tiber  die  nach 
Kleislhenes  nen  errichteten  attischen  Phylen.  Hermes  9  (  1875), 
p.  385  fT. 

Dorpfeld,  Wilhelm.  Der  alte  Atlienatempcl  auf  der  Akro- 
polis.  Mitth.  XI  (1886),  p  337  ff.  ;  XII  (1887J,  p.  25  ff.  and 
p.  190  fT. 

Drerup,  Engelbert,  tlber  den  Staatsschreiber  von  Athen. 
Philologisch-liistorische  Beitraj'^e  fiir  Cnrt  Wachsmuth  (1897), 
p.  137  fT. 

Dumont,  A.  Essai  sur  la  chronologiedes  archontes  athcniens 
posterieurs  a  la  CXXII'  Olymp.     Paris,  (  1870). 

Dumont,  A.      Pastes  eponymitiues  d'Atlicnes.     Paris,  ^1874). 

Dumont,  A.  Supplement  a  la  chronologie  des  archontes 
atheniens  posterieurs  h  la  CXXII'""  Olymp.  Bull.  I  (1877J, 
p.  36  ff. 

Frcinkel.  Max.  Die  Staatshaushaltung  der  Athener  von  Au- 
gust Boeckh  1  1886),  Vol.  I,  p.  226  iT. 

Gardner,  Percy,  and  Jevons,  Frank  Byron.  A  Manual  of 
Greek  Antiquities  (1895),  p.  485  f. 


78 


The  Athoiian  Secretaries. 


Gilbert,  Gustav.  Der  athenische  Rathssclireiber.  Phiiolo- 
gus  39  (1880),  p.  131  ff. 

Gilbert,  Gustav.  The  Constitutional  Antiquities  of  vSparta 
and  Athens.     English  Translation  {  1895),  p.  ''268  ff. 

Goodwin,  W.  W.  The  Relation  of  the  TrpoeS/jo' to  the  Trpurai/eis 
in  the  Athenian  Senate.  Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Ass.  XVI  ( 1885), 
p.  165  ff. 

Gow,  James.     A  Companion  to  School   Cla.ssics.     (1893),  p. 

^117. 

Hartel,  Wilhelm.  Studien  iiber  attisches  vStaat.srecht  und 
Urkundenwesen.  Sitzungsberichte  der  kaiserlichen  Akademie 
der  Wissenschaften  zu  Wien,  philosoph.-liist.  Klasse,  90  (1878), 
p.  543  ff. ;  91  (1878),  p.  loi  ff.  and  especially  p.  135  ff. 

Headlam,  J.  W.  Election  by  Lot  at  Athens.  Cambridge 
University  Press  ( 1891 ). 

Heisterbergk,  B.  Die  Bestellung  der  Beamten  durch  das 
Los.      Berliner  Studien  XVI  5  (1896),  p.  i  ff. 

Hille,  Carolus  Antonius.  De  scribis  Atheniensium  publicis. 
Leipz.  Stud.  I  (1878),  p.  203  ff. 

Homolle,  Th.  Supplement  jl  la  chronologie  des  archontes 
atheniens  posterieurs  a  la  CXXII""  Olymp.  Bull.  IV  (1880),  p. 
182  ff. 

Homolle,  Th.  Note  sur  la  chronologie  des  archontes  athen- 
iens de  la  .seconde  moitie  du  11'""  siecle  av.  J.  C.  Bull.  X  (i886j, 
p.  6ff. 

Homolle,  Th.  Remarques  sur  la  chronologie  de  quelques 
archontes  atheniens.     Bull.  XVII  (1893).  p.  145  ff. 

Kirchner,  Joh.  E.  Die  Zusaninien.setzung  der  Phylen  An- 
tigonis  und  Demetrias.  Rlieinisches  Museum  47  {1892),  p. 
550  ff. 

Koehler,  W.  Studien  zu  den  attischeu  P.sephisnien.  Hermes 
V  (1871),  p.  328  ff. 

Kornitzer,  A.  De  scribis  publicis  Atheniensium.  Wien- 
Hernals  (1883).     Progr. 

Lehner,  Hans,  tjber  die  athenischen  Schatzverzeichni.sse  des 
vierten  Jahrhunderts.     Bonn  (1890). 


^'hiiolo- 

vSparta 

rrpvTaveis 
(1885), 

893).  P- 

;cht  und 
.kademie 
)(i878), 

ambridge 

urch   das 

publicis. 

archontes 
18S0),  p. 

iQS  athen- 
^1886), 

quelques 

[yleii  An- 
[892),    p. 

Hermes 

Wien- 

linisse  des 


Bibliography. 


79 


Lipsius,  J.  H.  Griecliisclie  Altertliiimcr  voii  G.  F.  Schoe- 
mann  I  (  1897),  p.  403  f. 

Milchhoefer,  A.  Uiitersuchungeti  iiber  die  Demenordimng 
des  Klcisthencs.  Berlin  (1892). 

Milchhoefer,  A.  Article  Attika,  in  Panl^'-Wissowa  Real- 
Encyclopadie,  Vol.  II  (1896),  p.  2184  ff. 

Meier,  M.  H.  E.  Index  Atticoruni  archontum  eiionyniorum 
qui  post  Olymp.  CXXI,  2  euni  inagistratuni  obtinueruut,  enieii- 
datior  et  anctior.  Comnientatio  epigrapliica  secunda.  Halis 
(1S54),  p.  79  ff. 

Mommsen  A.  Die  zehn  Eponymen  nnd  die  Reilienfolge  der 
nach  ihnen  benannten  Phylen  Athens.     Philologus  47  (1888),  p. 

449  ff- 

Neubauer,  Ricardus.     Comnientationes  ICpigraphicae.    Bero- 

lini  (1869),  p.  155  flf. 

Panske,  Paul.  De  niagistratibns  Atticis  ([ui  saeculo  a.  Clir. 
n.  quarto  pecunias  publicas  curabant.  Leipz.  Stud.  XIII  (  1890), 
p.  I  ff. 

Penndorf,  Julius.  De  scril)is  reipublicae  Atheniensium. 
Leipz.  Stud.  XVIII  (1897),  p.  loi  ff. 

Sandys,  John  Edwin.  Ari.stotle's  Constitution  of  Athens 
(1893),  Ch.  54,  3-5,  notes. 

Schaefer,  Carolus.  De  scribis  .senatus  populique  Athenien- 
sium. Gryphiswaldiae  (  187S). 

Schmidt,  Adolf.  Chronologische  Fragmente.  Neue  Jahr- 
biicher  fiir  classisclie  Philologie  129  (1884),  p.  649  ff. 

S(chmitz),  L(eonard).  Article  GninDiiatcus,  in  Smith's 
Dictionary  of  Greek    and    Ri)maii    Anti(iuities,    \\)1.    I    (1882), 

P-  577f- 

Schoeffer,  V.von.      Article  Archontes,  in  Pauly-Wissowa  Real- 

Encyclopadie,  Vol.  II  (  i89r  1,   ]>.  565  ff. 

Schtschoukareff,  Alev^ndre.  Archontes  atlicnicns  du  III'""' 
siecle.      Bull.  XII  (1888),  p.  rxj  ff. 

Seyffert,  Oskar.  Article  (iiiOinnateus,  in  Dictionary  of 
Classical  Antiquities.     English  Translation  (1891),  p.  259f. 

Sidgwick,  H.  Conjectures  on  the  C(jnstitutional  History  of 
Athens,  594-580  B.C.     Class.  Rev.  VIII  (1894),  P-  3.^^3  ^- 


8o 


The  Athenian  Secretaries. 


Stojentin,  Fedor  von.  Die  ypafi/JuiTtU  und  der  avTiypa<f}cv'i  des 
Rathes  bei  Pollux  und  Harpokration.  Jahrbiicher  fiir  classische 
Philologie  ;   Fleckeisen,  121  (iS8o;,p.  189  ff. 

Thalheim,  Th.  Article  ' AvTiypa(f>ti'<;,  in  Pauly-Wissowa  Real- 
p;ncylcl()j)adie  Vol.  I  C1894),  P-  ^4^3^- 

Thumser,  Viktor.  Lehrbiich  dt-r  griechischen  Staatsalter- 
tiinier  von  Karl  Friedrich  Hermann.  PVeiburg  (1889)  2"' 
Ai)teilnng  j^  87b  [127],  p.  497  IT. 

Unger,  G.  F.  Di'j  attisclien  Archonten  von  ol.  119,  4.  301- 
123,4.  285  V.  Chr.  Pliilologns  38  (1878),  p.  423  flf. 

Unger,  G.  F.  Atti.sche  Archonten  292-260  v.  Chr.  Pliilo- 
logusSuppl.  V  (1889),  p.  627  ff. 

Usener,  H.  Chnjuologische  Beitriige.  Rheinisches  Museum 
34  (1879),  p.  388  ff. 

Wachsmuth,  Curt.  Die  Stadt  Athen  im  Alterthum  IT  i 
(1890;.  p.  339  f. 

Wilamowitz-Moellendorff,  Lllrich  von.  Antigonos  von 
Karystos.  Philologische  Untersuchungen  IV  (  1881).  Kxcurse 
I,  Die  philosophenschulen  und  die  politik  :  chronologische  Beilage, 
p.  235  ff. 

Wilamowitz-Moellendorff,  Ulrich  von.  FpaixfiaTtix:  Trj<; 
TToAews.      Hermes  14  f  1878;,  p.  148  ff. 

W^ilhelm,  A.  Bericht.  (Reprint  appareutl}'  from  the  Sitz- 
ungsberichte  der  kaiserlichen  Akademie  der  Wissenschaften  zu 
Wieu,  philosoph.-hist    Klas.se,  dated  Dec.  9,  1897). 

Wilhelm,  A.  and  Krispi,  Michael  K.  Kin  neues  Bruch- 
stiick  der  parischen  Marmorchronik.  Mittli.  XXII  (1897), 
p.  I  S3  ff. 

Wilhelm,  A.  Michel,  Recueil  d'in.scriptions  grecques.  Fasc. 
I  et  II.     Gott,  gel.  Anz.  160  (  1898),  p.  201  ff. 

Wyse,  W.     Class.  Rev.  V  (  1891),  p.  275  f. 


itvs  des 
ssische 

a  Real- 

itsalter- 
189)    2" 

4-  301- 
Philo- 

Miiscum 

im  II    I 

mos   voti 

Kxcurse 

f  Beilage, 


le  Sitz- 
aften  zu 

Bruch- 

C1897). 

i.    Fasc. 


The  Macmillan  Company's  New  Books  on  Greek  Antiquities,  etc. 

The  History  of  Greece. 

Troni  its  Connncnceiiiciit  to  Ihc  Close  of  the  Iii<lei)eii(leiice  of  the  Greek  Nation. 

Hy  Ai)Oi,i'  Hoi.M.     In  four  vohimes.     Price  jier  set,  $10.00  net.     Just  ready. 

Vol.1  Cj)  to  the  eiidof  the  Sixth  CfiUiirv,  U.  C.  Vol.  11.  The  Fifth  Century,  H.  C.  Vol.111. 
The  I'"()iii  th  CeiUiiry,  IS.  C,  \.'\i  to  the  Death  of  .\le.\aiuler.  Vol.  IV.  The  (Ineco-M.icedoiiian  Aife, 
from  the  Death  of  Alexander  to  the  Incorporation  of  the  last  Macedonian  Monarchy  in  the 
Roman  lOnpire. 

"  A  succinct  account  of  flreek  history  indispensable  to  all  students  aiul  teachers  of 

(".reek  history  who  respect  their  work." — Y'/ir'  .Wifiiin. 

"As  a  store  of  inform  ition  hr.iu.jht  up  to  date  with  iiidefatii<al>le  industry  and  conscientious 
fidelity,  the  work  is  invaluable."  -The  I'.iriiini;  'IVIi\i;raf'h.  I'hila. 

A  Haiid-Book  of  Greek.  Sculpture. 

Hy  liRNK.ST  A.  f".AKl>N'i:i<,  formerly  Din  rlor  of  The  Uritish  School  of  ArcluL-ology 

at  Athens.     In  one  volume.     Cloth.     Price,  #2.50.     I'or  j^reater  convetiience 

the  I'Mrst  Part  issued  more  than  a  year  ai.^0,  and  the  Second  Part  only  recently 

])ul)lished,  are  hound  in  one,  hut  those  who  already  have  the  first  volume  can 

purchase  the  second  separately  if  jireferred  at  #1.25. 

A  reviewer  in  Tlif  Xation  comments  : — "  It  is  concise,  yet  thoroughly  readable,  and  its  half- 
tone illustrations  are  unilormly  t(ood.  In  this  hook  we  have  for  the  first  time  in  KukHsIi  a 
thoroutihly  competent  historv  of  ('.reek  WMli)ture,  It  is  a  pleasure  to  be  able  to  recommend  al- 
most without  (pi.tlification  a  book  on  a  subject  which  has  been  much  at  the  mercy  of  the  incom- 
petent and  the  reckless." 

Pausanias^s  Hescription  of  Greece. 

Translated  with  a  Commentary  by  J.  C  I'ka/.kk,  M..\.,  IJ,.D.,  (Glasj^ow),  Fel- 
low of  Trinity  Collej^e,  Camhrid.trf.  in  six  volumes.  <Svo.  Price  I25.00  net. 
Illustrated  with  about  Thirty  Ma])s  and  Pl.ins,  I'our  Photoj^ravure  Plates,  and 
over  Two  Hundred  l"<iiji;raviiijj;s  in  the  Text. 

The  work  is  divided  as  follows  :— Vol.  I.  Introduction,  Transl  ttion.  Critical  Notes  on  the  Greek 
Text.  Vol.  II.  Commentary  on  liook  I,  (.\ttica.)  Vol.  III.  Commentary  on  Hooks  II-V.  (.\r- 
Kolis,  I,aconia.  Messeni.i.  Klisl.)  Vol.  IV.  Commentary  on  Huoks  VI-VIII.  (  I';iis  11.,  Achaia, 
Arcadia.)  Vol.  V.  Commentary  on  liooks  I.\,  X.  (Itoeotia,  I'liocis. )  Addenda.  Vol.  VI.  In- 
dices.    Maps.     Th  Tdhtmes  are  not  iohi  sffiiDaliiy. 

In  this  work  the  aim  has  been  to  ii'iv^.  first,  a  faithful  and  idiomatic  reiKlerinn  of  I'ausanias, 
iind  second,  a  Commentary  which  shall  illustrate  his  description  of  ancient  (Ireece  by  the  light 
of  modern  research.  The  general  piirpose  has  been  to  present  a  fairly  complete  picture  of  an- 
cient Greece,  its  monuments  and  its  scenery,  so  far  as  that  can  be  done  from  a  study  of  the  de- 
scriptions of  classical  authors,  the  existing;  remains  of  anticpiity,  and  the  appearance  of  the 
country  at  the  preseiU  day. 


The  Sculptured  Tombs  of  Hellas. 


H) 


Percy  Gakdnkr,  Litt.D.,  Professor  of  Classical    Arch 
University  of  Oxford.     Imperial  Svo.     Cloth.     Price 
and  87  enjjfraviufjjs  in  the  text. 
From  The  Xation  : — "This  beautiful  book  is  welcome  to  all  who  bel 


X'olojjy  and  Art  in  the 
|<S.(X).     With  30  plates 


ievc  in  classical  arclucolo>jy 
of  das.sical  studies.  It  is 
it  deals  competently  with 
.es,  nearly  fifty  are  occ\ipie(l 
plement  to  the  thirty  well- 
r.essfully  st\utied  a   brevity 

V.  iiiv_ii  r>.iLi  ..1^^-  ..v^i.....f,  ^  ,  .^ ^^. ^  ..   ...,,,,. ,. escr'.ptions  of   monuments 

and  depends  upon  adeciuale  representations  of  the  monuments  themselves.  ' 


as  a  study  ^vliich  may  bring  into  prominence  the  liumaTiit.irian  side 
equally  serviceable  for  the  jjeneral  reader  ami  for  the  sclmlar,  since 
the  wliole  subject  in  hand,  withoui  beiuy  vohiminous  of  it><  .'vi  pagt 
by  the  engravintcs  in  the  text,  which  .ire  a  wonderfully  complete  sup] 
executed  and  selected  full-pane  plates,  i'rol'essor  Gardnei  ha^  ■.lU'. 
which  sacrifices  nothiuf;  essential  because  it  suppresses  all  labored  dc 


PUBLISHED  RY 

The  Macmillan  Company,  66  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York. 


THE 


Cornell  Studies  in  Classical  Philology 

i'.i)rn;i)  nv 

HKNJAMIN  IDI';  WHIvKLl'K,  CHARIJvS  IU)\VIN   HI-AXinT, 
AM)  CIvOKCr;  rKI'.XTICl',  ISKISTOL 


I.  The  CUM  Constructions  :  their  history  and  functions,  by 
William  Gardner  Hale.  Part  i  :  Critical,  1887.  Part  ii  : 
Constructive,   18S9. 

Out  of  I'lint 

TI.   Analogy  and  the  Scope  of  its  Application  in   Language,  by 
Benjamin  Ide  Wheeler,  1887. 

Out  ol'  I'liiit 

III.  The  Cult  of  Asklepios,  l)y  Alice  Walton,  1894. 

Price  80  cts 

IV.  The  Development  of  the  Athenian  Constitution,  by  George 

Willis  Botsford,    1893. 

I'rice  |r..so 

V.  Index   Antiphonteus :    composuit   Frank   Lovis  van   Cleef, 
1895- 

I'rice  J  1. 00 

VI.  Studies  in  Latin   Moods  and   Tenses,   by    Herbert   Charles 
Elmer,  1898. 

Price  $1.50 

VII.  The   Athenian   Secretaries,    by    William   Scott   Ferguson, 
1898. 

Price  50  cts 


PrRI.I.SHKn  FOR  THK  INIVERSITV  BY 

The  Macmillan  Company,  66  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York. 


lologv 


NEIT. 


clioiis,   by 
Part  ii  : 


guage,  by 


)y  George 


an   Cleef, 


t   Charles 


:^ergn,son, 


kvYork. 


